ISSN 0412-1961
CN 21-1139/TG
Started in 1956

About the Journal

Featured Articles More>>
Recent Progress in Alloy Design and Creep Mechanism of γ'-Strengthened Co-Based Superalloys
Recently, with the development of aviation engines and ground-based gas turbines, the demands for the environmental resistance and temperature-bearing capacity of their key hot-end components have considerably increased. Compared to Ni-based superalloys, novel γ′-strengthened Co-based superalloys ar. . .
Acta Metall Sin, 2023 Vol. 59 (9): 1125-1143    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00223
 
Just Accepted More>>
Please wait a minute...
Effect of Al2O3 Coating on Interface Reaction Between Si-Based Ceramic Core and Ni-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy PDF (2677KB)
2024-03-18
Effect of Vanadium Distribution Characteristics on Hardenability of a Marine Engineering Steel for Novel 980MPa Grade Extra-thick Plate PDF (3488KB)
2024-03-13
Study on the Corrosion Behavior of X80 Steel under the Interference of Cathodic Protection Conditions on HVDC PDF (5749KB)
2024-03-13
Review on the Management of the Metallic Materials Discipline of National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2023 PDF (6284KB)
2024-03-07
Effect of Mo content on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of CrAlMoN coatings PDF (4517KB)
2024-03-01
Current Issue More>>
      11 March 2024, Volume 60 Issue 3 Previous Issue   
    Overview
    Progress in the Effect of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment on Microstructure Improvement and Strengthening Mechanism in Additive Manufacturing
    SUN Laibo, HUANG Lujun, HUANG Ruisheng, XU Kai, WU Pengbo, LONG Weimin, JIANG Fengchun, FANG Naiwen
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 273-286.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00542
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (4515KB)

    Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly developing technology that has found widespread use in the manufacturing industry. However, the application with high performance and stability requirements is constrained by its coarse microstructure, which exhibits obvious directionality during the deposition of metal parts. Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) has been recognized as an effective strengthening method that can improve the stress state, refine the microstructure, and enhance the overall performance of metal parts fabricated via AM. This paper summarizes the theoretical views and limitations of UIT strengthening regarding surface plastic deformation. Additionally, it elaborates on the mechanism of microstructure refinement and the transformation of columnar dendrites to equiaxed dendrites, influenced by the combined effect of UIT and AM. Finally, the paper outlines the problems and suggestions related to strengthening theory that require further investigation in the process of UIT-assisted AM.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Research paper
    Preparation and Properties of Lightweight HfO2@CNT/Polymer/CuAlMn Composite with High Strength and High Damping
    JIANG Zhaohan, QIU Wenting, GONG Shen, LI Zhou
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 287-298.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00210
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (3213KB)

    With the development of industry, people pay more and more attention to the hazards of vibration and noise in various fields. Besides adopting various vibration-reduction technologies, the demand for high-performance damping materials is also increasing to reduce vibration and noise. Among them, damping composites combine the advantages of different damping materials and superimpose multiple mechanisms to integrate their functions and structures, obtaining damping materials with excellent comprehensive performance. Herein, a novel damping composite was prepared using the sintering evaporation method and vacuum infiltration. This composite adopts the porous CuAlMn shape memory alloy as the skeleton, whose pores are filled with a composite composed of carbon nanotubes loaded with HfO2 particles and a viscoelastic polymer. Uniaxial compression test at room temperature and dynamic mechanical analysis were carried out on composite samples. The results show that when porosity of the skeleton is 80% and the mass fraction of carbon nanotubes is 1%, the compressive yield strength and elastic modulus of the composite are 27 MPa and 1040 MPa, respectively, and its density is only 2.11 g/cm3. Its loss factor is > 0.055 in the range of 0.1-200 Hz and 20-100oC, and its maximum value can reach 0.102. The elastic modulus, compressive yield strength, and loss factor of this composite increased by 1, 2, and 1.5 times, respectively, compared to those of the CuAlMn skeleton with same porosity. A three-phase model was utilized to analyze the damping mechanism of composite samples. The calculation results show that the primary damping mechanism of the proposed novel composite is interface damping.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Effect of He Ion Irradiation on the GH3535 Weld Metal at High Temperature
    BAI Juju, LI Jianjian, FU Chonglong, CHEN Shuangjian, LI Zhijun, LIN Jun
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 299-310.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00040
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (4017KB)

    GH3535 high-temperature nickel-based alloy was selected as the main structural material for the molten salt reactor because of its high-temperature strength and excellent corrosion resistance to molten salts. In general, the welded joints used to join structural materials are considered as the potentially weakest part because of the inhomogeneity in microstructure caused by repeated thermal cycle treatments. Helium embrittlement at high temperatures is an important issue that affects the safety and structural integrity of the components made of nickel-based alloys working in a reactor environment. In this study, the GH3535-welded joint was irradiated with 500 keV of He ions at 850oC. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld and base metal were characterized and compared by TEM and nano-indentation, and the effect of the intrinsic microstructure of the weld on the irradiation effect was investigated. Results show that the helium bubbles in the weld are basically distributed on the dislocation lines and carbide-base metal interface. The helium bubbles on the carbides-base metal interface are smaller, and they have higher density than those on the dislocation lines. The average number density of helium bubbles and dislocation loops in the peak damage region of the weld are smaller than those of the base metal. Therefore, at 850oC, dislocation lines, and the carbides-base metal interface are strong traps for helium and interstitial atoms, which affect the nucleation of helium bubbles and dislocation loops. In addition, the carbides-base metal interface can effectively inhibit the growth of helium bubbles. The results of nano-indentation show that the degree of the irradiation-induced hardening of the weld metal (36%) is about half of that of the base metal (70%) under the same irradiation condition. Therefore, the DBH model confirms that helium bubbles and dislocation loops primarily cause irradiation hardening. The enhanced trapping of helium atoms and interstitials by nano-carbides and dislocation lines at a high temperature is the key factor for the distinct irradiation behavior of welds compared with base metals.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Effect of Multi-Pass Compression Deformation on Microstructure Evolution of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy
    LI Zhenliang, ZHANG Xinlei, TIAN Dongkuo
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 311-322.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00010
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (6964KB)

    Magnesium alloy has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, and its plasticity is poor at room temperature. This is primarily due to the small number of movable slip systems at room temperature, which is prone to deformation texture. Therefore, temperature and compression deformation play an important role in the regulation of plastic deformation. In this work, AZ80 magnesium alloy was subjected to multi-pass compression deformation at a constant temperature and step-down temperature. The microstructure of the AZ80 magnesium alloy with different deformation degrees and deformation paths was observed and analyzed using EBSD. In addition, the grain boundary, dislocation density, Schmid factor, and polar figure evolution of the AZ80 magnesium alloy during hot compression deformation were primarily studied. Results show that the comprehensive effect of grain size, twinning, and texture on the plastic regulation of AZ80 magnesium alloy is better than that of single dynamic recrystallization. Moreover, three-time constant-temperature deformation (ε = 0.6) promotes dynamic recrystallization, whereas three-time step-cooling deformation (ε = 0.6) promotes plastic deformation. More 86°{101¯2} <12¯10> tensile twins are produced by reduced grain orientation difference, increased number of low-angle grain boundaries, and increased geometrically necessary dislocation density, which are important factors affecting the plastic regulation of three-time step-cooling deformation (ε = 0.6).

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Mechanism of Grain Refinement of Pulse Current Assisted Plasma Arc Welded Al-Mg Alloy
    YUAN Tao, ZHAO Xiaohu, JIANG Xiaoqing, REN Xuelei, LI Boyang
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 323-332.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00036
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (4118KB)

    During welding, the vibration effect of applying a pulse current on the molten pool can effectively improve weld formation and refine grains. The effect of pulse current on grain refinement and its mechanism were studied for Al-Mg alloy welds fabricated by conventional plasma welding (PAW), PAW with conventional pulse current, and PAW with composite pulse current. The grain size produced by conventional PAW was 78.2 μm, whereas the average grain size was reduced from 78.2 μm to 53.3 μm with increasing conventional pulse current frequency from 0 Hz to 100 Hz; in addition, the degree of grain refinement increased by about 30%. However, the minimum grain size was 48.2 μm, and the grain refinement effect can reach nearly 40% by combining low-frequency pulse current with conventional pulse current. The proportion of small grains and high-angle grain boundaries increased significantly after applying the composite pulse current. The additional oscillation effect of the composite pulse current can effectively eliminate coarse grains during the solidification of the weld pool. The main mechanism of grain refinement is dendrite fragmentation, which is discussed through thermodynamics and composition.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Inhomogeneity Analyses of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC21 Titanium Alloy Variable Cross-section Die Forgings for Aviation
    YANG Jie, HUANG Sensen, YIN Hui, ZHAI Ruizhi, MA Yingjie, XIANG Wei, LUO Hengjun, LEI Jiafeng, YANG Rui
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 333-347.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00313
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (6511KB)

    TC21 titanium alloy has been successfully used in the structural die forgings of aviation owing to its excellent damage tolerance. However, because of the difference in the equivalent strains of die forgings, the microstructure and properties of variable cross-sections are considerably different, affecting the service life of the structural parts. Therefore, the microstructure and mechanical properties of β-forged TC21 titanium alloy die forgings with variable cross-sections were characterized using Deform software simulation, OM, SEM, XRD, EBSD, and tensile and impact tests, and the primary factors affecting the tensile and impact properties as well as their anisotropy were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the overall shape of the die forgings was complex and the effective strain was concentrated in the range of 0.75-1.20. The evidence of the flow was obvious at high strain, the substructure increased, and the narrow cross-section led to a faster cooling rate. This resulted in the decrease of αp content and refinement of αs, which together led to the increase in strength. The evolution of various texture components under high strain during thermal deformation and heat treatment was analyzed, and finally the strong texture of residual β phase <110>//LD and {0002} weak texture of transformed α phase were formed. The strength anisotropy caused by the strong texture was analyzed from α phase slip system and β phase densely packed plane. The impact load-displacement curves showed that the impact energy was mainly consumed via the initiation energy. Combining with the prior β grain arrangement, the fracture modes of impact and tensile fracture in different orientations were discussed. Finally, a tensile fracture model was proposed, which explained the reason that there was a good strength and plastic matching at a high strain of 1.20. This work provides material research support for optimizing the uniformity design of TC21 alloy variable cross-section die forgings.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Design and Integration of Flexible and Stretchable Micro-Thermoelectric Devices
    LIU Rui, YU Zhi, ZHAO Yang, LI Xiaoqi, YU Hailong, HE Juan, NIE Pengcheng, WANG Chunyu, TAI Kaiping, LIU Chang
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 348-356.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00171
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (2122KB)

    A miniature flexible thermoelectric generator with a stretchable three-dimensional (3D) arch structure is designed using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a substrate and the excellent thermoelectric properties and flexibility of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/Bi2Te3 thermoelectric hybrid film. The device fully utilizes optimal in-plane thermoelectric performance direction of the film material and obtains electro-thermal conversion through temperature differences between the inside and outside of the device plane. Therefore, thermoelectric potential is generated at both ends of the electrode to achieve power generation. When the temperature difference was 4 K, the output voltage is 4.8 mV, the maximum output power is 2.6 × 10-9 W, the power density is 3.9 × 10-9 W/cm2, and the minimum bending radius of the device can reach 3 mm. The fabrication process for this miniature flexible thermoelectric device is simple, feasible, and low-cost, providing a new avenue for developing flexible thermoelectric thin-film power generation devices.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Synergetic Effects of Al and Cr on Enhancing Water Vapor Oxidation Resistance of Ultra-High Strength Steels for Nuclear Applications
    PENG Xiangyang, ZHANG Le, LI Congcong, HOU Shuo, LIU Di, ZHOU Jianming, LU Guangyao, JIANG Suihe
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 357-366.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00463
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (3300KB)

    Heat-resistant steels that usually form a typical Cr2O3 protective scale easily fail under the servicing environment of high-temperature and -pressure water vapor in a light water reactor. Advanced materials with a superior combination of high-temperature water vapor oxidation resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and radiation resistance must be developed. This work develops a new ultra-high strength maraging stainless steel by alloying different Cr contents into a recently developed Fe-Ni-Al ultrahigh strength steel without losing its high mechanical properties. The oxidation properties of the new martensitic steel are tested in both dry air and water vapor atmospheres. The alloy ingot is prepared by arc melting under argon atmosphere. The oxidation resistance of steel after aging treatment is tested in dry air and humid air at 600oC. The surface and cross-section morphologies of the oxidized samples are then characterized. The results show that the average weight gain per unit area of the Fe-13Ni-2.3Al high-strength steel added with 9%Cr (mass fraction) is only 0.1 mg/cm2 after 100 h oxidation at 600oC in a 10% water vapor atmosphere. It decreases more than 50 times compared with those of the Fe-13Ni-2.3Al high-strength steel and the Fe-18Ni-3Al maraging steel added with 5%Cr. The microstructure characterization of the oxidized high-strength steel reveals that a composite oxide film rich in Fe, Cr, and Al spontaneously forms on the surface of the Fe-13Ni-9Cr-2.3Al high-strength steel in the 600oC air + 10% water vapor atmosphere due to the synergistical effect of the Al and Cr additions. The oxygen partial pressure at the interface between the oxide film and the matrix is reduced by the third component effect of Cr, which promotes the formation of a dense and continuous Al-rich oxide film on the substrate surface in a high-temperature water vapor atmosphere.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Effect of δ-Ferrite on Hot Deformation and Recrystallization of 316KD Austenitic Stainless Steel for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Application
    CHEN Shenghu, WANG Qiyu, JIANG Haichang, RONG Lijian
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 367-376.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00039
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (3849KB)

    The sodium-cooled fast reactor is the most mature reactor among generation-IV nuclear reactors. A carbon/nitrogen-controlled 316KD austenitic stainless steel has been developed for the construction of pressure vessels and internals in Chinese CFR600 demonstration reactor. During their industrial production, δ-ferrite is present in large-scale billets because of the combined effect of non-equilibrium segregation and low cooling rate. For large-scale billets containing δ-ferrite, inhomogeneous grain-size distributions are observed in the product after hot working. Extensive studies on the recrystallization of the austenite phase in austenitic stainless steels during hot deformation were conducted. However, the effect of δ-ferrite on the recrystallization behavior of the austenite phase remains unclear. In this study, uniaxial hot compression tests of 316KD austenitic stainless steels involving as-cast and homogenized conditions were conducted at 1423 K and 0.1 s-1 using a Gleeble-3800 thermal-mechanical simulator, and the effect of δ-ferrite on hot deformation and recrystallization was analyzed by SEM, EBSD, and TEM. Results showed that δ-ferrite could be nearly eliminated through δ-ferrite→austenite transformation after homogenization at 1473 K for 14 h, whereas austenite grain showed evident growth. The elimination of δ-ferrite was a Cr-diffusion-controlled process through kinetic analysis. Plastic deformation occurred preferentially in δ-ferrite and at the δ-ferrite/austenite interface, and subsequently in austenite during hot deformation. The flow stress of as-cast samples was much lower than that of homogenized samples at the same strain because of the presence of soft δ-ferrite. Dynamic recovery occurred easier in δ-ferrite, and the resulting dynamic softening remarkably reduced flow stress with an increase in strain. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization characterized by original austenite grain boundary bulging was the dominant mechanism in homogenized samples. However, the presence of δ-ferrite promoted the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization in austenite near the δ-ferrite/austenite interface in as-cast samples. Compared with the homogenized samples, a higher degree of recrystallization was observed in as-cast samples because of the combined effects of continuous dynamic recrystallization and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Influence of Initial Microstructure and Cold Rolling Reduction on Transformation Texture and Magnetic Properties of Industrial Low-Grade Electrical Steel
    YANG Ping, MA Dandan, GU Chen, GU Xinfu
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 377-387.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00406
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (4234KB)

    Compared with high-grade electrical steel, low-grade electrical steel has the advantages of low cost and high production quantity but low profits. Therefore, researchers often focus on studying high-grade electrical steel without phase transformation. The microstructure evolution of low-grade electrical steel is more complicated compared to high-grade steel due to the three transformation stages— casting, hot rolling, and final annealing—that are present between austenite and ferrite during their processing. During continuous casting, the <100> columnar grains commonly formed in the low-grade electrical steel cast slabs with phase transformation illustrate the characteristics of the pronounced transformation delay and suppression. In such conditions, the change in hot rolling temperature will cause diversity in hot-rolled microstructures and textures and affect the subsequent cold rolling and annealing microstructure and texture. Based on the previous studies on the effect of hot rolling processes on the transformation texture of industrial low-grade electrical steel and the observation of the transformation delay and suppression of columnar grains in cast slabs, this work further investigates the influence of the initial microstructures before cold rolling and cold rolling reduction on the transformation texture and explores the law of texture inheritance. In particular, the idea of retaining {100} texture using metastable ferrite hot rolling is proposed to improve magnetic properties. The results show that there are more {100} deformed grains in the hot-rolled plate heated at low temperature, and the {100} texture inheritance is obvious after cold rolling and transformation annealing, which effectively improves the magnetic properties. The {100} transformation texture is weakened with the increase in rolling reduction because the initial {100} grains gradually disappear with increasing rolling reduction. An analysis shows that although the {100} transformation texture induced by the surface effect is hindered by the alloying Al and P elements in the used industrial electrical steel, the favorable initial {100} texture produced using low-temperature hot rolling promotes the memory-type transformation texture. In addition, the transformation texture obtained at a high annealing temperature is still better than the recrystallization texture obtained at a low annealing temperature. The significance of these results lies in the possible future practice of enhancing {100} texture in hot rolled plate by metastable ferrite rolling to improve magnetic properties in final annealed sheets.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Numerical Simulation on Macrosegregation in Fe-C Alloy Under Solidification Shrinkage Through Interface Tracking-Dynamic Mesh Technique
    DONG Shihu, ZHANG Hongwei, LÜ Wenpeng, LEI Hong, WANG Qiang
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 388-404.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00494
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (4156KB)

    Macrosegregation is the mutual contribution of many factors, such as thermo-solutal buoyancy-induced flow, solidification shrinkage, and grain movements, during alloy solidification. Fe-C-based alloy ingot is apt to form carbon segregation due to C's relatively small partition coefficient and the large ingot cross-section size. Moreover, it is also easy to generate solidification shrinkage because of the density difference between the liquid and solid and among ferrite, austenite, and other solids in the alloy. The numerical studies on solidification shrinkage show that introducing the air (or slag) phase mainly fills up the shrinkage cavity, which appears in the top part of the ingot. Although it has minor effect on segregation, it creates severe difficulty in solving the continuum transport equations at air-alloy interface owing to the large difference in their physical properties, such as density and thermal conductivity. A method that tracks the boundary profile of the cavity due to solidification shrinkage was developed in the present work to study macrosegregation under solidification shrinkage while avoid solving the air-alloy interaction. Macrosegregation under solidification shrinkage in Fe-C alloy ingot was predicted through the traditional liquid-solid mixed continuum model. To this end, the melt-air interface position was determined through allocating the shrink in volume to the solidified, mushy and liquid zones by the dynamic mesh technique. The predicted shape of the shrinkage cavity was fitted with the experimental one in the literature. Comparing the impact of thermo-solutal buoyancy showed that the predicted maximum positive C segregation at the top part of the Fe-0.3%C alloy ingot decreased by 4.78% with the additional consideration of solidification shrinkage. However, the heat exchange between the surroundings' and ingot's top surface reduced the positive C segregation near the latter. The C concentration distribution at the upper part of the ingot was more consistent with the experimental results in the literature when a heat transfer coefficient of 2.0 W/(m2·K) was adopted at the ingot's top surface, besides the effects of the thermo-solutal buoyancy and solidification shrinkage are considered. Compared with the thermo-solutal buoyancy influence, the solidification shrinkage enhanced the solutal buoyancy impact in the mushy zone. This made a faster reverse circulation in the mainstream ahead of the solidification front and led to the maximum flow velocity all over the molten steel exceeding that of mere thermo-solutal buoyancy during the solidification. All of them accelerated the overall solidification rate of the ingot. However, the predicted negative segregation at the lower part of the ingot was lower than the experimental data in the literature because the present continuum model only consisted of a liquid-columnar mixture. The movement of equiaxial grains needs to be included in further consideration.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
    Effects of Cryorolling on Properties and Precipitation Behavior of a High-Strength and High-Conductivity Cu-1Cr-0.2Zr-0.25Nb Alloy
    LI Longjian, LI Rengeng, ZHANG Jiajun, CAO Xinghao, KANG Huijun, WANG Tongmin
    Acta Metall Sin. 2024, 60 (3): 405-416.   DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00180
    Abstract   HTML   PDF (4278KB)

    The performance requirements for copper alloys are increasing with the rapid development of transportation, electrical, aerospace, and electronics in modern industry. Cu-Cr-Zr alloy has exceptional strength and electrical conductivity as typical precipitation strengthening copper alloy. Strength and conductivity are mutually exclusive properties. The goal of realizing the high strength and conductivity of copper is a crucial subject in modern copper industry development. In this study, the effects of cryorolling on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of Cu-1Cr-0.2Zr-0.25Nb alloy were examined and the effects of numerous aging processes on the type, morphology, and distribution of precipitates were investigated. The findings depict that the Cu-1Cr-0.2Zr-0.25Nb alloy primarily comprised the Cr phase, Zr-rich phase, Cr2Nb phase, and Cu matrix phase. The fcc Cr nanoprecipitates can be precipitated in Cu-1Cr-0.2Zr-0.25Nb alloy after aging at 450oC for 30 min. The bcc Cr nanoprecipitates can be formed after aging at 450oC for 300 min. After cryorolling and aging treatment, the mixed structures, such as nanoprecipitation phase, nanodeformation twins, and dislocations in the Cu-1Cr-0.2Zr-0.25Nb alloy are produced and this alloy demonstrates remarkable comprehensive properties. The tensile strength of 700 MPa and electrical conductivity of 73.29%IACS were attained for the cryorolled Cu-1Cr-0.2Zr-0.25Nb alloy after aging at 450oC for 30 min; after aging at 450oC for 300 min, the conductivity can reach 79.81%IACS, and the corresponding tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness are 646 MPa, 606 MPa, and 212 HV, respectively. Combining the experimental findings with the computations of contribution to strengthening, it can reasonably be inferred that dislocation and precipitation strengthening were the primary strengthening mechanisms of Cu-1Cr-0.2Zr-0.25Nb alloy.

    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics
links