Research Progress on the High-Temperature Creep Properties of Molybdenum Alloy Welded Joints

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00228

Acta Metall Sin

2026, Vol. 62

Issue (1): 47-63 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00228

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Research Progress on the High-Temperature Creep Properties of Molybdenum Alloy Welded Joints

ZHANG Linjie, ZHANG Xujing, NING Jie(

)

State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China

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ZHANG Linjie, ZHANG Xujing, NING Jie. Research Progress on the High-Temperature Creep Properties of Molybdenum Alloy Welded Joints. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(1): 47-63.

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Abstract

Molybdenum alloys, as high-performance refractory metals, possess significant potential for applications under extreme service conditions, including high temperatures and irradiation environments. Under such conditions, high-temperature creep resistance is a critical performance metric. However, welded joints of molybdenum alloys frequently exhibit substantial degradation in creep properties, which severely limits their structural applications. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms governing creep strengthening in molybdenum alloy base metals and examines the primary factors contributing to the reduced creep resistance in welded joints. Based on these mechanisms and contributing factors, various strategies for enhancing joint performance reported in domestic and international studies are consolidated. Furthermore, the advantages, limitations, and applicability of current creep testing methods for welded joints are evaluated. Finally, future research directions and challenges in improving the high-temperature creep performance of molybdenum alloy welded joints are discussed.

Key words: molybdenum alloy welding high-temperature creep alloying pore

Received: 13 August 2025

ZTFLH:

TG457.1

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52475700)

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00228 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I1/47

Table 1 Main creep mechanisms of molybdenum alloy under different temperatures and stresses

Material	T / ^oC	σ_c / MPa	$ε ˙$ / s^-1
Mo^[27]	1400	20	1.29 × 10^-7
TZM^[28]	1600	10	1.5 × 10^-7
Mo-11Re^[29]	1315	65	1.3 × 10^-5
Mo-3Nb^[30]	1600	10	3.1 × 10^-5
La₂O₃-Mo^[27]	1400	50	2.28 × 10^-6

Table 2 High-temperature creep properties of Mo and molybdenum alloys^[27-30]

Fig.1 Creep curves of pure Mo (a) and oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) molybdenum alloys (b); and microstructure (c), dispersed nano La₂O₃ particles (d), and their interaction with dislocations (e) of ODS molybdenum alloys^[27]

Fig.2 High-temperature fatigue creep properties of base materials (solid lines) and non-melting electrode argon arc welded beads (dashed lines) at 1747 ^oC^[38] (σ_max—maximum load, WB—weld bead, BM—base material)
(a) industrial grade pure Mo (b) Mo-Zr-B alloy

Fig.3 High (a, c) and low (b, d) magnified morphologies showing typical tensile fracture of molybdenum alloy welding^[39] (a, b) and creep crack of molybdenum alloy base material^[27] (c, d)

Fig.4 Typical fracture morphologies and precipitated oxides of molybdenum alloys (a, b) fracture morphologies of TZM alloy base material (a) and electron beam welding (EBW) alloy joint (b)^[46] (c-e) oxide precipitation in molybdenum alloy welded joints^[8,46] (Inset in Fig.4e is selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns) (f) schematic of the influence of MoO₂ on fracture process (σ—tensile stress)

Fig.5 Cross-sectional morphologies of Mo-14Re alloy EBW joint prepared by powder metallurgy (a) and arc melting (b)^[52]; and pores in Mo-14Re base metal (c) and EBW welded joint (d)^[54] (FZ—fusion zone, HAZ—heat affected zone, WZ—weld zone)

Fig.6 Strengthening mechanism and application verification of alloying
(a) comparison of Gibbs free energy of partial alloying elements reacting with oxygen (Δ

G m θ

—Gibbs free energy of oxidation reaction)
(b) schematic of mismatch calculation^[57]
(c) EBSD analyses of the weld zone of non-alloyed and titanium alloyed joints^[58] (LW—laser welding)

Fig.7 Schematics of the interaction mechanisms of O, C, Mo, and Nb elements during the thermal cycle of welding^[39]

Fig.8 Influences of small (a) and large (b) heat inputs^[69] and numbers of welding cycles^[10] (c) on welding pores (A—amplitude, f—frequency, N—number of welding cycles. Inset in Fig.8b represents computed tomography (CT) result of pores)

Fig.9 Photos of uniaxial tensile test device^[79] (a), inner pressure creep test capsule^[83] (b), photo and schematic of small punch creep test^[85,86] (c), and morphology of nanoindentation creep indentation^[89] (d) (ID—identity, d₁— diameter of the test piece, d₂—diameter of the lower mold hole, h₀—thickness of the test piece, R—shoulder radius of the mold, r—ceramic ball radius, F—downward load, ϕ—diameter, t—thickness)

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