Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Marine High Strength Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00161

Acta Metall Sin

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (10): 1311-1323 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00161

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Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Marine High Strength Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

HOU Xuru¹^,², ZHAO Lin²(

), REN Shubin¹, PENG Yun²(

), MA Chengyong², TIAN Zhiling²

^1.Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
^2.Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China

Cite this article:

HOU Xuru, ZHAO Lin, REN Shubin, PENG Yun, MA Chengyong, TIAN Zhiling. Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Marine High Strength Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(10): 1311-1323.

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Abstract

Marine-grade high strength steel (yield strength = 590 MPa) is a low-carbon, low-alloy steel characterized by high strength and toughness, excellent weldability, and seawater corrosion resistance. Thus, it is suitable for structural applications and widely used in the shipbuilding industry. Recently, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has attracted significant attention worldwide because of its high deposition rates and material utilization ratios, low material and equipment costs, and good structural integrity. However, the research on WAAM of 590 MPa marine-grade high strength steel is limited. In this work, 590 MPa marine-grade high strength steel components were produced by cold metal transfer and pulse-arc additive manufacturing (CMT + P-WAAM). The effect of the heat input on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the developed steel were investigated using several techniques, including OM, SEM, EBSD, and TEM. The results indicate that at a heat input of 5.6 kJ/cm, the microstructures of the WAAM deposited metals are mainly upper bainite and granular bainite, the area fraction of the martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents accounts for about 14.82%, the length ratio of the effective high-angle grain boundary (grain boundary angle α > 45°) is 36.3%, the tensile strength of the deposited metals are 843 and 858 MPa in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, and the average microhardness is about 286 HV. However, its impact absorbed energy at -50^oC is only 15 and 16 J in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. At a heat input of 13.5 kJ/cm, the low cooling rate and the high inclusion (inclusion size d > 0.4 μm) content promote the formation of a large quantity of acicular ferrites with lath bainites and a small amount of granular bainites. The area fraction of the M-A constituents is reduced to 4.21%, and the length ratio of the effective high-angle grain boundary is increased to 52.4%. The tensile strength of the deposited metals in the horizontal and vertical directions is reduced to 723 and 705 MPa, respectively. Similarly, the average microhardness is also reduced to 258 HV, but the low-temperature impact absorbed energy is greatly improved, reaching 109 and 127 J, respectively, which is 7-8 times that of the WAAM deposited metal at a low heat input. The impact fracture characteristics also changed from a quasi-cleavage fracture to a typical ductile fracture.

Key words: marine high strength steel wire arc additive manufacturing heat input acicular ferrite martensite-austenite (M-A) constituent mechanical property

Received: 08 April 2022

ZTFLH:

TG40

Fund: Key Basic Research Program of Basic Strengthening Plan(2021-JCJQ-ZD-075-11);CISRI Independent R&D Program(21H62630B)

Corresponding Authors: ZHAO Lin, professor, Tel: (010)62182946, E-mail: hhnds@aliyun.com;
PENG Yun, professor, Tel: (010)62185578, E-mail: pengyun@cisri.com.cn

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	HOU Xuru
	ZHAO Lin
	REN Shubin
	PENG Yun
	MA Chengyong
	TIAN Zhiling

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00161 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2023/V59/I10/1311

Table 1 Chemical compositions of substrate and welding wire

Fig.1 Schematics of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) system (a), forming pathway (b), and sampling position (c) of 590 MPa grade marine high strength steel (ABB—Asea Brown Boveri, CMT—cold metal transfer, unit: mm)

Fig.2 Schematics of tensile sample (a), impact sample (b), and its EBSD sample (c) (unit: mm)

Fig.3 3D microstructure (a), OM images of XOZ plane (b), YOZ plane (c), and XOY plane (d), bright field TEM image and SAED pattern (inset) of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituent (e), and dark field TEM image of M-A constituent (f), and TEM images of upper bainite (g) and bainitic lath (h) of WAAM component A

Fig.4 3D microstructure (a), OM images of XOZ plane (b), YOZ plane (c), and XOY plane (d), bright field TEM image and SAED pattern (inset) of retained austenite (e), dark field TEM image of retained austenite (f), and TEM images of acicular ferrite (g, h) of WAAM component B

Fig.5 Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves of 590 MPa grade high strength steel deposited metal (M—martensite, B—bainite, F—ferrite, P—pearlite, M_s—martensite transformation start temperature, M_f—martensite transformation finish temperature, A_c1—start temperature of pearlite transformation into austenite during heating, A_c3—final temperature of ferrite transformation into austenite during heating, t—cooling time. Green line represents the starting line of ferrite transformation, purple line represents the starting line of bainite transformation, orange line represents the starting line of pearlite transformation, red line represents the final line of bainite transformation, and blue-green line represents the final line of pearlite transformation)

Fig.6 OM images of inclusions (shown by arrows) of WAAM components A (a) and B (b), and size distributions of inclusions of WAAM components at two heat inputs (d—diameter) (c), bright field TEM image (d) and EDS analysis of inclusion I in Fig.6d (e) of component B

Fig.7 Microhardness test areas (a, b) and microhardness distributions (c, d) of WAAM components A (a, c) and B (b, d)

Table 2 Mechanical properties of WAAM 590 MPa grade marine high strength steel components at two heat inputs

Fig.8 Impact fracture morphologies of WAAM compo-nents A (a) and B (b) (Insets show the locally enlarged images)

Fig.9 OM images of M-A constituents (shown by arrows) distributions of WAAM components A (a) and B (b)

Fig.10 EBSD images of grain boundaries at different angles of WAAM components A (a) and B (b) (Black lines represent 2°-15° grain boundaries, green lines represent 15°-45° grain boundaries, and red lines represent > 45° grain boundaries, respectively)

Fig.11 EBSD all-Euler maps below the impact fracture surface of WAAM components A (a, b) and B (c, d) (Yellow lines represent > 45° grain boundaries. Arrows show the crack propagation directions. Area E in Fig.11b shows the deflection of crack direction)

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