汽车用齿轮钢<strong>16MnCrS5</strong>热处理变形机理

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00038

金属学报

2025, Vol. 61

Issue (4): 597-607 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00038

研究论文

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

汽车用齿轮钢16MnCrS5热处理变形机理

屈小波¹(

), 安金敏¹, 王林², 李喜²(

)

1 江苏永钢集团有限公司苏州 215628
2 上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院上海 200240

Quenching Deformation of the 16MnCrS5 Gear Steel for Automobile

QU Xiaobo¹(

), AN Jinmin¹, WANG Lin², LI Xi²(

)

1 Jiangsu Yonggang Group Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215628, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

引用本文:

屈小波, 安金敏, 王林, 李喜. 汽车用齿轮钢16MnCrS5热处理变形机理[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(4): 597-607.
Xiaobo QU, Jinmin AN, Lin WANG, Xi LI. Quenching Deformation of the 16MnCrS5 Gear Steel for Automobile[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(4): 597-607.

全文: PDF(3636 KB) HTML

摘要:

针对16MnCrS5齿轮钢在淬火过程中易发生变形的问题，本工作结合实验与数值模拟方法，系统探讨其淬火变形机理。采用不同晶粒尺寸、组织带状化程度及淬透性的C型缺口试样进行淬火实验，测定了对应试样的淬火变形量。利用Deform有限元分析软件对上述试样在淬火处理过程中的温度场、应力场与相场进行模拟，可视化了其对应的淬火变形过程。结果表明，16MnCrS5齿轮钢的淬火变形量随晶粒尺寸和组织带状化程度的增加而增加，晶粒尺寸为75 μm的试样的淬火变形量相较于晶粒尺寸为22 μm的试样增加近一倍。当带状组织等级超过3级时，试样淬火变形量显著增加。16MnCrS5齿轮钢的淬火变形量随着淬透性的增加而增加，当试样距离水冷端9 mm处的硬度> 32.2 HRC时，淬火变形量与淬透性呈现更强的关联性。实验和数值模拟分析揭示16MnCrS5齿轮钢淬火热变形的内在机制主要归因于热应力和马氏体相变应力，其中，马氏体相变在时间和空间上的不均匀性是影响16MnCrS5齿轮钢淬火热变形的主要因素。

关键词 ： 16MnCrS5齿轮钢, 淬火变形, 晶粒尺寸, 带状组织, 淬透性

Abstract：

The 16MnCrS5 gear steel, known for its exceptional machinability and hardenability, is commonly utilized in the production of gears and worms in the automotive industry. However, the quenching process of this steel tends to provoke deformation, leading to increased wear and an inability of gear teeth to mesh. This issue seriously restricts the broader use of 16MnCrS5 gear steel. This study explores the quenching deformation of 16MnCrS5 gear steel through a combination of experimental research and numerical simulation to provide theoretical insight to mitigate this deformation in industrial production. The quenching deformations of C-notch samples derived from 16MnCrS5 gear steel, varying in grain size, banded structures, and hardenabilities were first measured. Subsequently, employing the deform finite element analysis software, the temperature field, stress field, and phase field during the quenching of these samples were simulated, thereby visually portraying the corresponding quenching deformation processes. The results indicate that the quenching deformation of 16MnCrS5 gear steel escalates with an increase in grain size and the proportion of banded structures. For instance, the sample with a grain size of 75 μm demonstrated nearly double the quenching deformation of the sample with a grain size of 22 μm. Moreover, when the grade of the banded structure surpasses 3, the quenching deformation of the sample markedly increases. Concurrently, the results revealed a positive correlation between quenching deformation and hardenability of 16MnCrS5 gear steel. Specifically, when the hardness at 9 mm from the quenching end (J9) > 32.2 HRC, the sample's core is largely martensitic, showing a stronger correlation with hardenability. Conversely, when J9 ≤ 32.2 HRC, there is noticeable bainitic transformation in the sample's core, resulting in a weaker correlation between the quenching deformation and hardenability. The experimental research and numerical simulations suggest that the intrinsic mechanism of quenching deformation in 16MnCrS5 gear steel is mainly attributable to thermal stress and martensitic transformation-induced stress. Notably, the temporal and spatial inhomogeneity of the martensite transformation in time and spatial distribution is the predominant factor affecting the quenching deformation of 16MnCrS5 gear steel.

Key words： 16MnCrS5 gear steel quenching deformation grain size banded structure hardenability

收稿日期: 2023-02-02

ZTFLH:

TG142

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(51690164);张家港科技计划项目(ZKCXY2146)

通讯作者: 屈小波，qubo6101@163.com，主要从事钢铁材料改性及研发研究；
李喜，lx_net@sina.com，主要从事外场下金属凝固研究

Corresponding author: QU Xiaobo, senior engineer, Tel: 18962200729, E-mail: qubo6101@163.com;
LI Xi, professor, Tel: 13764420935, E-mail: lx_net@sina.com

作者简介: 屈小波，男，1983年生，高级工程师

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2023.00038 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2025/V61/I4/597

图1 淬火变形测定用C型缺口试样及数值模拟结构模型5个特征位置点

图2 16MnCrS5齿轮钢相变参数测定

图3 16MnCrS5齿轮钢室温应力-应变曲线和计算所得500 ℃下流变应力曲线

图4 不同淬透性16MnCrS5齿轮钢的Jominy硬度曲线

图5 16MnCrS5齿轮钢原始试样及不同工艺热处理后试样显微组织的OM像

图6 淬火变形实验和数值模拟获得的16MnCrS5齿轮钢C型缺口试样淬火变形量随晶粒尺寸变化

图7 不同晶粒尺寸16MnCrS5齿轮钢在淬火过程中P3位置温度变化与组织应力变化数值模拟结果

图8 16MnCrS5齿轮钢经热轧处理后以不同方式冷却获得的带状组织形貌的OM像

图9 淬火变形实验和数值模拟获得的16MnCrS5齿轮钢C型缺口试样淬火变形量随带状组织等级变化

图10 16MnCrS5齿轮钢与TL4227齿轮钢Jominy硬度曲线

图11 16MnCrS5和TL4227齿轮钢淬火变形实验结果以及不同淬透性16MnCrS5齿轮钢淬火变形和淬火组织随淬透性变化数值模拟结果

图12 不同淬透性试样P5位置马氏体体积分数与组织应力随淬火持续时间变化数值模拟结果

图13 16MnCrS5齿轮钢的淬火变形分析

图14 淬火变形后16MnCrS5齿轮钢微观组织表征

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