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金属学报  2018, Vol. 54 Issue (6): 831-843    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00071
  本期目录 | 过刊浏览 |
碳化物/氧化物弥散强化钨基材料研究进展
张涛1(), 严玮2, 谢卓明1, 苗澍1, 杨俊峰1, 王先平1, 方前锋1, 刘长松1
1 中国科学院固体物理研究所 合肥 230031
2 安徽三联学院实验中心 合肥 230031
Recent Progress of Oxide/Carbide Dispersion Strengthened W-Based Materials
Tao ZHANG1(), Wei YAN2, Zhuoming XIE1, Shu MIAO1, Junfeng YANG1, Xianping WANG1, Qianfeng FANG1, Changsong LIU1
1 Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2 Experiment Center of Anhui San Lian University, Hefei 230031, China
引用本文:

张涛, 严玮, 谢卓明, 苗澍, 杨俊峰, 王先平, 方前锋, 刘长松. 碳化物/氧化物弥散强化钨基材料研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54(6): 831-843.
Tao ZHANG, Wei YAN, Zhuoming XIE, Shu MIAO, Junfeng YANG, Xianping WANG, Qianfeng FANG, Changsong LIU. Recent Progress of Oxide/Carbide Dispersion Strengthened W-Based Materials[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(6): 831-843.

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摘要: 

钨(W)具有高熔点(3410 ℃)、高密度(19.35 g/cm3)、高硬度、高弹性模量、高热导率以及低膨胀系数、低蒸气压等优异的性能,在国防军工、航空航天和核工业等领域中有着重要的作用。但同时,W及其合金的缺点,如低温脆性(韧脆转变温度通常在400 ℃以上)、室温抗拉强度低,再结晶脆性、高热负荷开裂及辐照脆化等问题,又严重影响了其加工及服役性能。针对上述问题,国内外开展了碳化物/氧化物弥散强化的钨合金研究,通过纳米级碳化物/氧化物弥散强化及微结构优化,提高了W的力学性能及其它服役性能。本文主要从核聚变第一壁用碳化物、氧化物弥散强化钨基材料的设计、制备、组织与性能调控及服役性能评价等方面进行综述,并介绍了作者研发团队的最新进展,展望了未来发展趋势及待解决的问题。
关键词 ： 钨合金,  碳化物/氧化物弥散强化,  力学性能,  抗热负荷性能,  抗辐照性能    
Abstract：

Tungsten (W) plays an important role in the defense industry, aerospace and nuclear industry due to its excellent properties such as high melting point (3410 ℃), high density (19.35 g/cm3), high hardness, high elastic modulus, high thermal conductivity, low expansion coefficient and low vapor pressure. However, its disadvantages, such as low temperature brittleness (ductile brittle transition temperature usually above 400 ℃), low tensile strength, recrystallization embrittlement, high thermal load induced cracking and irradiation embrittlement, affected seriously its processing and servicing performance. Focusing on these problems, carbides/oxide dispersion strengthened W alloys were studied widely. The mechanical properties and other service properties of W were significantly improved by nano scale carbide/oxide dispersion strengthening and microstructure optimization. This article mainly reviews carbide and oxide dispersion strengthening design and the corresponding W-based materials preparation, microstructure and properties of regulation and service performance evaluation, introduces the latest progress of the research and development of the authors' team, and looks forward to the future development trend and the problems to be solved.
Key words： tungsten alloy    carbide/oxide dispersion strengthening    mechanical property    thermal shock resistance    irradiation resistance
收稿日期: 2018-02-28     
ZTFLH:  TG146.1  
基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目No.2017YFA0402800,国家磁约束核聚变专项项目No.2015GB112000,国家自然科学基金项目Nos.11735015、11575241和51771184
作者简介:

作者简介 张 涛,男,1977年生,研究员,博士
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00071      或      https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2018/V54/I6/831

Specimen UTS (MPa) / TE (%)
RT 100 ℃ 200 ℃ 400 ℃ Ref.
Forged W-Y2O3 480/0 1040/2.9 948/5.5 667/17.8 [17]
Swaged W-Y2O3 482/0 658/1.6 (150 ℃) 842/6.4 480/16 [18,19]
SPSed W-Y2O3 - - - 436/6.4 [16]
Forged W-Y2O3 - - - 490/8.0 [13]
Rolled W-Y2O3 - - 846/6.4 - [20]
Rolled W-Y2O3 620/0 700/0 820/7.0 520/17 [21]
Rolled W-Zr-Y2O3 790/0 798/0 880/8.0 650/26 [21]
911/3.2 (150 ℃)
表1  不同W-Y2O3在室温~400 ℃间的拉伸性能[13,16~21]
图1  W-Y2O3及W-Zr-Y2O3中的第二相颗粒分布情况[21]
图2  轧制态及1400、1500和1600 ℃退火1 h的W-TiC板在不同温度下的拉伸性能[29]
图3  W基体中Zr—C、Zr—N与Zr—O结合能
Specimen UTS (MPa) / TE (%)
400 ℃ 500 ℃ 600 ℃ 700 ℃
W - - 209*/- 348/11.6±0.4
W-0.2%ZrC - 457*/- 455/27.6±0.4 419/30.0±0.4
W-0.5%ZrC - 572*/- 588/17.6±0.4 535/24.8±0.4
W-1.0%ZrC - 667*/- 798/8.4±0.4 731/10.4±0.4
表2  放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备的不同组分的W-ZrC材料的拉伸性能[36]
图4  不同温度下的W-0.5%ZrC旋锻棒材及1 mm厚薄板拉伸应力-应变曲线[40]
图5  W-0.5%ZrC板材在不同温度下的三点弯曲应力-应变曲线及拉伸应力-应变曲线[39]
W material Technology DBTT / K Test method Ref.
W-0.5ZrC (R-R-WZC) (8.5 mm thick plate) Rolling 373 3PB [30]
W-2Y2O3 (S-WY) (2 mm thick, ?95 mm) Hot Forging 473 3PB [34]
Pure W (Rolled W) (10 mm thick plate) Rolling 473 3PB [33]
Pure W (HIPed W) (4 mm thick) HIP 473 3PB [33]
W-0.2TiC (1 mm thick) Forging+Rolling 440 3PB [9]
W-0.25Ti-0.05C (1 mm thick plate) Rolling 260 3PB [9]
W-1%Y2O3 Injection molding 1273 Charpy [11]
Pure W Injection molding 1173 Charpy [11]
W-0.5TiC HIP+Forging 484 3PB [35]
WL10 (W-1%La2O3) Swaging+Rolling 973 Charpy [36]
Pure W (0.1 mm thick foil) Rolling+Joinning 373 Charpy [37]
表3  R-R-WZC的韧脆转变温度(DBTT)与文献报道值对比[9,11,30,33~37]
图6  轧制纯W及不同温度退火后的拉伸应力-应变曲线和轧制W-ZrC及不同温度退火后的拉伸应力-应变曲线[41]
图7  W-0.5%ZrC合金微结构的扫描电镜像、W晶粒尺寸分布、W晶粒内ZrC颗粒尺寸分布及晶界处的ZrC及W-Zr-C-O颗粒尺寸分布[39]
图8  W-0.5%Zr合金中ZrC与W相界面关系分析[39]
图9  轧制及不同温度退火后W-0.5%ZrC、ITER级纯W和纳米级W-TiC的热导率随温度变化[45]
图10  W-ZrC板材受到不同能量的瞬态电子束轰击后表面形貌图[39]
图11  不同钨基材料在220 eV He+、900 ℃和620 eV He+、1000 ℃辐照后的表面和截面图[44]
Exp. condition Tested material Surface morphology Thickness of modified
layer / nm
He+ energy 220 eV PM-W Pin hole structure About 150
Flux: about 1.4×1026 m-2s-1 CVD-W Pin hole structure About 180
Total fluence: 1×1026 atomsm-2 W-1%Y2O3 Pin hole structure About 120
Sample temperature: (900±100) ℃ W-1%Y2O3 Pin hole structure About 80
W-1%La2O3 About 100
W-0.5%ZrC About 75
He+ energy: 620 eV PM-W Coral-like structure About 200
Flux: about 1.4×1026 m-2s-1 CVD-W Coral-like structure About 175
Total fluence: 1×1026 atomsm-2
W-1%Y2O3 Coral-like structure About 220
Sample temperature: (1000±100) ℃
W-1%Y2O3 Coral-like structure About 140
W-1%La2O3 Coral-like structure About 200
W-0.5%ZrC Pin hole structure About 120
表4  不同钨基材料在低能高通量的氦离子辐照结果[44]
图12  W-Ta-C和W-TaC机械合金化后制备的板材不同温度下的拉伸性能[48]
图13  不同材料的极限拉伸强度随着拉伸温度的演化[49]
图14  不同钨基材料在通量为5×1021 ions/(m2s),剂量为7.02×1025 ions/m2,能量为90 eV D+ 200 ℃下辐照后的表面形貌
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