难熔高熵合金在反应堆结构材料领域的机遇与挑战

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00293

金属学报

2021, Vol. 57

Issue (1): 42-54 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00293

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难熔高熵合金在反应堆结构材料领域的机遇与挑战

李天昕¹, 卢一平¹^,²(

), 曹志强¹, 王同敏¹, 李廷举¹

^1.大连理工大学材料科学与工程学院辽宁省凝固控制与数字化制备技术重点实验室大连 116024
^2.中国核动力研究设计院反应堆燃料及材料重点实验室成都 610014

Opportunity and Challenge of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys in the Field of Reactor Structural Materials

LI Tianxin¹, LU Yiping¹^,²(

), CAO Zhiqiang¹, WANG Tongmin¹, LI Tingju¹

^1.Key Laboratory of Solidification Control and Digital Preparation Technology (Liaoning Province), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
^2.Science and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610014, China

引用本文:

李天昕, 卢一平, 曹志强, 王同敏, 李廷举. 难熔高熵合金在反应堆结构材料领域的机遇与挑战[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(1): 42-54.
Tianxin LI, Yiping LU, Zhiqiang CAO, Tongmin WANG, Tingju LI. Opportunity and Challenge of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys in the Field of Reactor Structural Materials[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(1): 42-54.

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摘要:

传统反应堆结构材料性能已趋于极限，亟需开发新型材料。难熔高熵合金是以多种难熔元素作为主元的新型金属材料，具有独特的力学、物理和化学性质，尤其在高温力学、抗辐照等方面表现出优异的性能。难熔高熵合金在第4代核裂变反应堆包壳材料、核聚变堆面向第一壁材料等关键领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文结合具有代表性的文献，围绕难熔高熵合金的力学性能、抗辐照性能、抗氧化性能阐述了其强化机制与抗辐照机理，梳理了难熔高熵合金的发展脉络，在此基础上展望了难熔高熵合金在反应堆结构材料领域的应用前景。

关键词 ：难熔高熵合金, 力学性能, 抗辐照性能, 抗氧化性能

Abstract：

Exploitation of traditional reactor structural materials tends to limits; thus, the development of novel materials is urgent. Alloying has long been used to obtain materials with desirable properties. In recent decades, a new alloying technique that combines multiple principal elements in high concentrations to fabricate new materials, termed high-entropy alloys (HEAs), has gained popularity. Refractory HEAs (RHEAs) consist of several principle refractory elements and are an important subset of HEAs. RHEAs have attracted immense attention owing to their unique mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, particularly their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation resistance. RHEAs are expected to be utilized in cladding materials for fourth-generation fission reactors and plasma-facing materials for fusion reactors. Combined with representative literature, this paper focuses on mechanical, radiation resistance, and oxidation resistance properties of RHEAs. Further, strengthening and radiation resistance mechanisms of RHEAs are explored, and the development evolution and prospects of RHEAs are proposed.

Key words： refractory high-entropy alloy mechanical property radiation resistance oxidation resistance

收稿日期: 2020-08-06

ZTFLH:

TG132.3

基金资助:国家磁约束核聚变能发展研究专项项目(2018YFE0312400);国家自然科学基金项目(51822402);国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFA0209901);兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC1807047);反应堆燃料及材料重点实验室项目(6142A06190304);西北工业大学凝固技术国家重点实验室资助项目(SKLSP201902)

作者简介: 李天昕，男，1993年生，博士生

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图1 传统合金与高熵合金在三元相图中各自占据的区域

图2 几种典型难熔高熵合金与传统镍基高温合金、钼合金、钽合金以及铌合金在不同温度下的强度[36~39]

表1 难熔高熵合金的屈服强度(σ0.2)、塑性应变(ε)、温度(T)、相结构、名义成分(摩尔分数)和均匀化工艺[14,36,40~50]

图3 单相(S)与多相(M)难熔高熵合金在1200℃的屈服强度(σ0.21200℃)与熔点(Tm)的关系[11]

图4 由价电子浓度区分韧性与脆性难熔高熵合金[59]

图5 通过Labusch模型预测与实验测得的典型难熔高熵合金的屈服强度[64]

图6 通过刃位错模型预测与实验测得的屈服强度与温度的关系[68]

图7 AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr合金的STEM-HAADF像及其快速Fourier变换，立方状无序bcc结构析出相被连续通道状有序B2基体相分割[39]

图8 Ti2ZrHfV0.5Mo0.2合金在不同剂量辐照前后的纳米硬度和晶格常数变化[23]

表2 部分合金空位迁移能与间隙迁移能的第一性原理计算结果[90~92]

图9 间隙原子团簇在不同合金中的扩散轨迹[75](a) nickel (b) NiCo (c) NiFe

图10 不同氧化产物的合金的氧化动力学示意图[99]

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