Anisotropy in Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 2Cr13 Alloy Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00414

Acta Metall Sin

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (1): 157-168 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00414

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Anisotropy in Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 2Cr13 Alloy Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

GE Jinguo¹^,², LU Zhao³, HE Siliang¹, SUN Yan⁴, YIN Shuo²^,⁵(

)

1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541010, China
2.Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland
3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541010, China
4.Design & Research Institute, Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Co., Ltd., Dalian 116005, China
5.School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China

Cite this article:

GE Jinguo, LU Zhao, HE Siliang, SUN Yan, YIN Shuo. Anisotropy in Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 2Cr13 Alloy Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(1): 157-168.

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Abstract

2Cr13 martensite stainless steel has been widely used for the manufacturing of surgical tools and turbine blades. Contrary to the conventional fabrication technologies, there are several remarkable advantages in the fabrication of 2Cr13 parts by adopting wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technologies, such as excellent metallurgical bonding, high production efficiency, near-net-shape production, and limited environmental contamination. In this work, the effect of interlayer dwelling temperature (110-550^oC) on microstructural and mechanical properties has been revealed, providing a new approach for the active control of the performances of 2Cr13 buildups produced by wire-arc additive manufacturing. The part with a dwelling temperature of 550^oC was featured by elongated acicular martensite features, with a slightly enhanced fiber-like texture, along with minor fine irregular-reverse austenite structures, dispersed among martensite gaps. This special martensitic distribution was mainly caused by the grain-broken effect under the intensive thermal shock from liquid melting pool. Consequently, the enhanced tensile strength and microhardness were obtained due to grain refinement, although exhibiting an obvious anisotropy in tensile properties. The parts with dwelling temperatures of 110-180^oC were characterized by relatively coarsened martensite laths, with a random texture type, within block-shaped ferrite matrix. The average martensite size was gradually refined due to the increased cooling rate by lowering interlayer temperature. The isotropic mechanical properties of all three parts (110-180^oC) were similar because of the similar martensite laths.

Key words: wire arc additive manufacturing 2Cr13 alloy microstructure mechanical property anisotropy

Received: 25 August 2022

ZTFLH:

TH142.3

Fund: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M693230);Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2021JJB160022)

About author: YIN Shuo, professor, Tel: (00353)18968583, E-mail: yins@tcd.ie

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	Jinguo GE
	Zhao LU
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	Yan SUN
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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00414 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2023/V59/I1/157

Fig.1 Schematics of wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) 2Cr13 part showing the positions of tensile samples (a) and its dimension (unit: mm) (b)

Fig.2 In situ temperature measuring curves of WAAM 2Cr13 parts at the middle position of the 15th layer with different dwelling time
(a) 0.5 min (b) 2 min (c) 3.5 min (d) 5 min

Fig.3 OM images of as-deposited etched WAAM 2Cr13 parts in the middle region for different interlayer dwelling temperatures
(a) 550^oC (b) 180^oC (c) 150^oC (d) 110^oC

Fig.4 XRD spectra of WAAM 2Cr13 parts with the interlayer dwelling temperatures of 550^oC (a), 180^oC (b), 150^oC (c), and 110^oC (d) (Inset in Fig.4a shows the austenitic diffraction peak; F—ferrite, γ—austenite)

Fig.5 Low (a, c, e, g) and locally high (b, d, f, h) magnified OM images in the middle layer of WAAM 2Cr13 parts (M—martensite, G.B.—grain boundary)
(a, b) 550^oC (c, d) 180^oC (e, f) 150^oC (g, h) 110^oC

Fig.6 EBSD analyses in the vertical plane of WAAM 2Cr13 parts for different interlayer dwelling temperatures
(a) 550^oC (b) 180^oC (c) 150^oC (d) 110^oC

Fig.7 Pole figures of ferrite phase in the vertical plane for different interlayer dwelling temperatures
(a) 550^oC (b) 180^oC (c) 150^oC (d) 110^oC

Fig.8 Size distributions of the martensite of WAAM 2Cr13 parts (Pentagram: the average value of martensite length and width, translucent region: error range)

Table 1 Statistical results of the martensitic size

Fig.9 EBSD phase fraction maps in the middle layer of WAAM 2Cr13 parts at 550^oC (a, b) and 150^oC (c, d)
(a, c) austenite phase (green) (b, d) ferrite phase (red)

Fig.10 Pole figures of austenite phase in the Y-Z plane of WAAM 2Cr13 parts for different interlayer dwelling temperatures
(a) 550^oC (b) 150^oC

Fig.11 Microhardness curves of WAAM 2Cr13 parts along the building direction across several layers in the middle region (As-QTed BM: 2Cr13 base metal after quenching and tempering treatment)
(a) 550^oC (b) 180^oC (c) 150^oC (d) 110^oC

Fig.12 Stress-displacement curves of WAAM 2Cr13 parts in different planes in the middle region
(a) 550^oC (b) 180^oC (c) 150^oC (d) 110^oC

Fig.13 Tensile anisotropy of WAAM 2Cr13 parts in the middle region (Pentagram: the average value of martensite length and width, translucent region: error range)
(a) ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (b) elongation

Fig.14 Tensile fracture morphologies of WAAM 2Cr13 parts with different interlayer dwelling temperatures of 550^oC (a, b), 180℃ (c, d), 150^oC (e, f), and 110^oC (g, h)
(a, c, e, g) in the transverse direction (b, d, f, h) in the longitudinal direction

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