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金属学报  2021, Vol. 57 Issue (9): 1141-1154    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00163
  综述 本期目录 | 过刊浏览 |
Nb-Si基超高温合金及其定向凝固工艺的研究进展
陈瑞润1,2(), 陈德志1, 王琪1(), 王墅1, 周哲丞1, 丁宏升1,2, 傅恒志1,2
1.哈尔滨工业大学 金属精密热加工国家级重点实验室 哈尔滨 150001
2.哈尔滨工业大学 材料科学与工程学院 哈尔滨 150001
Research Progress on Nb-Si Base Ultrahigh Temperature Alloys and Directional Solidification Technology
CHEN Ruirun1,2(), CHEN Dezhi1, WANG Qi1(), WANG Shu1, ZHOU Zhecheng1, DING Hongsheng1,2, FU Hengzhi1,2
1.National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
引用本文:

陈瑞润, 陈德志, 王琪, 王墅, 周哲丞, 丁宏升, 傅恒志. Nb-Si基超高温合金及其定向凝固工艺的研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(9): 1141-1154.
Ruirun CHEN, Dezhi CHEN, Qi WANG, Shu WANG, Zhecheng ZHOU, Hongsheng DING, Hengzhi FU. Research Progress on Nb-Si Base Ultrahigh Temperature Alloys and Directional Solidification Technology[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(9): 1141-1154.

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摘要: 

具有低密度和高熔点特性的Nb-Si基超高温合金是下一代航空发动机热端部件的重要候选材料之一。但Nb-Si基超高温合金的低室温断裂韧性限制了其工业化应用，合金化和定向凝固是改善室温断裂韧性的有效方法，本文综述了这2个方面的研究进展。合金化方面重点介绍了合金元素通过位错增韧和相改变增韧实现铌基固溶体(Nbss)相的韧化，通过固溶强化和相变提高硅化物相的高温性能，促进硅化物以近“Y”型生长，改善两相的界面等影响，分析发现Ti、Hf、Zr、B和Mg等元素均可改善室温断裂韧性。定向凝固方面综述了Nb-Si基超高温合金的定向凝固方法及特点，不同定向凝固工艺对Nb-Si基合金的组成相、组织形貌、室温断裂韧性以及高温强度的影响，定向凝固过程的组织演变规律及强化机理，分析发现调控工艺可获得Nbss/Nb5Si3良好单向生长的组织。在保证Nbss/Nb5Si3共晶耦合单向生长的情况下，减小Nbss相的厚度，提升其连续性是提高室温断裂韧性的有效方法。还展望了Nb-Si合金化与定向凝固的未来发展趋势。
关键词 ： Nb-Si合金,  超高温材料,  合金化,  定向凝固,  断裂韧性    
Abstract：

The Nb-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloys with low density and high melting point is one of the candidate materials for the hot components of next-generation aero-engines. The insufficient of the Nb-Si based ultrahigh temperature alloy at 270-280 K is the bottleneck for its industrial application. Alloying and directional solidification are considered as effective methods for improving the room-temperature fracture toughness. The research progress of the two methods for the Nb-Si-based ultrahigh temperature materials are reviewed herein. In the aspect of alloying, the toughening of the Niobium solid solution (Nbss) phase is mainly conducted by dislocation toughening and phase transformation toughening. The high-temperature performance of the silicide (Nb5Si3) phase can be improved by solid-solution strengthening and phase transformation, and the silicide phase would tend to grow in a near “Y” shape. The interface between the Nbss and silicide phases could be modified. In conclusion, Ti, HF, Zr, B, and Mg can improve the room-temperature fracture toughness of Nb-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloys. The methods and characteristics of the directional solidification of Nb-Si materials are introduced. Herein, the effects of different processing parameters on the phase composition, microstructure morphology, room-temperature fracture toughness, and high-temperature strength of Nb-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloys are summarized. The microstructure evolution and mechanical property strengthening mechanism during directional solidification are reviewed. The well-coupled Nbss/Nb5Si3 unidirectional growing eutectic structure can be obtained by controlling the process. In this condition, the room-temperature fracture toughness could be improved by reducing the Nbss phase thickness and increasing the eutectic structure continuity. The future development of Nb-Si alloying and directional solidification is prospected.
Key words： Nb-Si alloy    ultrahigh temperature material    alloying    directional solidification    fracture toughness
收稿日期: 2021-04-14     
ZTFLH:  TG146.4  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(51825401)
作者简介: 陈瑞润，男，1975年生，教授，博士
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00163      或      https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2021/V57/I9/1141

图1  喷气发动机示意图
图2  Nb-Si二元相图[21]
ElementAdvantageDisadvantage
Ti[29,32]The room temperature fracture toughness isThe melting point of the alloy is reduced; Reduce high
improved (> 10%, atomic fraction); Promotetemperature creep
the precipitation of eutectic structure
Zr[36,37,40]The fracture toughness at room temperature isReduce melting point of alloy
improved and the decomposition of inert phase is
promoted; Increase the proportion of ductile phase
Ni[36]Promote the decomposition of inert phaseReduce melting point of alloy
Cr[42]Solution strengthening increases hardness andReduce melting point of alloy; Precipitate Cr2Nb
strengthphase, which reduces the room temperature fracture
toughness (more than 6%, atomic fraction)
Si[34,41,47]Increase the content of silicide phase to improveReducing room temperature, plasticity, and fracture
high temperature performancetoughness
Hf[35,50,51]Increase high temperature strength and oxidationHigh cost
resistance; The eutectic structure is reduced and
the room temperature fracture toughness is
improved
Ta[53,54]The room temperature fracture toughness isHigh cost
improved; Improve high temperature performance
W[54]Improve high temperature performanceReduce room temperature fracture toughness
Mg[55]Passivated silicide phase-
B[57,58]Improve high temperature performance;Reduce antioxidant activity (more than 6%, atomic
Increase the atom binding force of silicidefraction)
Mo[33,61]Promote the decomposition of inert phase;Large excess addition reduces room temperature
Improve high temperature strengthfracture toughness
Rare-earth[60,62]The room temperature fracture toughness isHigh cost
improved; Improve ductility
表 1  合金化元素对Nb-Si合金的影响[29,32~37,40~42,47,50,51,53~55,57,58,60~62]
图3  Nbss/γ-Nb5Si3界面的HRTEM像[65]
图4  α-Nb5Si3和合金化后的α-Nb5Si3的Peierls-Nabarro力(τP-N)计算值[70](a) {001)<100] slip system (b) {010)<100] slip system (c) {011)1/2<111] slip system
DirectionalAdvantageDisadvantage
solidification method
OFZNo crucible pollution; The requirement forThe preparation pattern is too small; It is difficult
vacuum is relatively lowto control the growth rate accurately
EBDSRestricted by its own gravity and surface tension;The sample is simple in shape and small in size;
The prepared sample has no crucible pollutionIt needs high vacuum and elements are easy to
volatilize
IDSConvection at the solid-liquid interface is small;Impurity is introduced into the ceramic crucible;
The fracture toughness is high at roomThe temperature gradient is small
temperature
C-DSIt is protected by metal condensation shell;The melt decreases; The growth rate is difficult
No crucible pollutionto control
ECCDSLarge size ingot with no pollution; HighThere is lateral heat dissipation
temperature gradient is prepared
表2  5种不同定向凝固方式的优缺点
图5  Nb-Ti-Si基超高温合金横向和纵向截面微观结构的SEM像[83]
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