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金属学报  2021, Vol. 57 Issue (2): 129-149    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00347
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耐热铝基合金研究进展：微观组织设计与析出策略
高一涵, 刘刚(), 孙军()
西安交通大学 金属材料强度国家重点实验室 西安 710049
Recent Progress in High-Temperature Resistant Aluminum-Based Alloys: Microstructural Design and Precipitation Strategy
GAO Yihan, LIU Gang(), SUN Jun()
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi??an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x1001b3 ;an 710049, China
引用本文:

高一涵, 刘刚, 孙军. 耐热铝基合金研究进展：微观组织设计与析出策略[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(2): 129-149.
Yihan GAO, Gang LIU, Jun SUN. Recent Progress in High-Temperature Resistant Aluminum-Based Alloys: Microstructural Design and Precipitation Strategy[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(2): 129-149.

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摘要: 

工业选材在满足强度要求以保证结构安全之余，通常也需要尽可能兼顾轻量化以使机械结构更加轻盈。当仅仅考虑室温服役性能时，大量的商用铝合金材料因其优异的室温力学性能可供备选，并通常能很好地契合“轻质-高强”这一目标。然而，对于需要在300~500℃中温区间服役的构件，铝合金的上述优势则荡然无存。其主要原因在于传统高强铝合金赖以强化的析出相在200℃以上便将发生快速失稳粗化，导致材料丧失强化效果并快速软化失效。而若以更耐热的钛合金、高温合金等作为替代，则随之带来的结构增重与成本提高又令设计者甚觉“重材轻用”。目前，在>300℃温度区间难以实现安全服役仍是轻质铝基材料开发的难点所在，而其关键的解决方案在于如何寻求微观组织的高温稳定化。本文从耐热铝合金中特异性的微观组织特点出发，综述近期业界在耐热铝基合金开发过程中关于强化相选择、合金化策略以及微观组织热稳定化的进展与内在构建机理，以期能够提供一些耐热轻质合金材料微观组织设计过程的普适性基本理论依据。
关键词 ： 铝基合金,  高温力学性能,  微观组织设计,  热稳定化,  合金化策略,  纳米析出相    
Abstract：

Many load-bearing industrial settings require light-weight structural materials with adequate strength. Although commercial aluminum (Al) alloys are suitable for room-temperature applications, their strength at elevated temperatures (300-500oC) is largely reduced by coarsening of the strengthening precipitates. However, high-temperature alternatives such as titanium alloys are much heavier and more expensive than Al alloys. Creating microstructures that remain stable over 300oC is an important goal of the aluminum-manufacturing community. This article focuses on the recent development of high-temperature resistant Al-based alloys. Especially, it discusses the unique microstructural features, selection criteria of the strengthening phase, alloying effects, and microstructural stabilization of aluminum. The strategies summarized in this review are expected to realize the new microstructural architectures of light-weight alloys, which are currently limited to low-temperature service.
Key words： Al-based alloy    high-temperature mechanical property    microstructural design    thermal stabilization    alloying strategy    nanoprecipitate
收稿日期: 2020-09-07     
ZTFLH:  TG146.21  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(51621063);高等学校学科创新引智计划项目(BP2018008)
作者简介: 高一涵，男，1995年生，博士生
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00347      或      https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2021/V57/I2/129

图1  铝基金属基复合材料(MMCs)的典型微观组织特征：增强相(黄色)与空洞(黑色)的三维表征结果及相应的二维截面(空洞尺寸以渐变颜色表示)[20]；TiB2/α-Al界面上非均匀析出行为与界面失配位错的高角环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜(HAADF-STEM)表征结果[26]
图2  Al-TM基材料的典型纳米晶结构与第二相颗粒[36]
图3  2xxx、6xxx、7xxx系可时效型铝合金的典型析出相类型[46]
图4  典型的Al-Cu与Al-Sc二元平衡相图，及高温下常见合金化元素在Al基体中的扩散速率汇总[12,62,64~66]
图5  铝基合金与镍基高温合金中析出相界面、晶界及位错核上的溶质偏聚行为[83~85]
图6  一种快速凝固制备的A356合金中的纳米层级结构，包含α-Al基体中的Si纳米颗粒以及共晶Si中的Al纳米颗粒[124]
图7  Al-Ni基与Al-Ce基合金的共晶相形貌及相应的高温力学性能[42,45]
图8  具有核-壳结构的Al3(Sc, Zr, Er)基析出相的APT照片，及数种Al-Sc-Zr-Er基合金在300和400℃的抗蠕变性能[136,139]
图9  代表性的TEM与APT照片展示了Al-Cu-Mg-Ag基合金中Ω相的形貌与成分，及其适应“短期”服役但不耐“长期-高温”耦合服役环境的力学性能特点[152~155]
图10  共格及半共格θ'-Al2Cu/基体界面的偏聚能图谱[169]与三元Mn/Zr/Si偏聚[167]
图11  Al-Cu-Sc RR(回归再时效)合金中Sc在θ'-Al2Cu/基体界面的强烈偏聚行为，及Si诱发的界面Sc原子重排行为[82,91,171]
图12  高通量DFT计算辅助的θ'-Al2Cu界面多元偏聚筛选与Sc-Fe-Si“三明治”型偏聚结构的构建，及对应的Al-Cu-Sc-Fe-Si合金在300℃下具有极为稳定的θ'-Al2Cu与优异的蠕变性能[172]
图13  一种Ag微合金化的Al-Mg-Si合金中G.P.区、β''以及β'相内Ag分布随时效过程的演化规律[57]
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