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金属学报  2026, Vol. 62 Issue (8): 1331-1346    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00407
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熔盐堆用镍基合金失效机理与改性策略研究进展
王优1,2, 陈向阳1,2(), 王煦嘉1(), 汤春桃1, 沈朝3(), 曾小勤3
1 上海核工程研究设计院股份有限公司 上海 200233
2 上海核工程研究设计院股份有限公司 核电关键材料全国重点实验室 上海 200233
3 上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院 上海 200240
Progress in Failure Mechanisms and Modification Strategies of Nickel-Based Alloys for Molten Salt Reactors
WANG You1,2, CHEN Xiangyang1,2(), WANG Xujia1(), TANG Chuntao1, SHEN Zhao3(), ZENG Xiaoqin3
1 Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute Co. Ltd. , Shanghai 200233, China
2 Stage Key Laboratory of Materials for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute Co. Ltd. , Shanghai 200233, China
3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
引用本文:

王优, 陈向阳, 王煦嘉, 汤春桃, 沈朝, 曾小勤. 熔盐堆用镍基合金失效机理与改性策略研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(8): 1331-1346.
You WANG, Xiangyang CHEN, Xujia WANG, Chuntao TANG, Zhao SHEN, Xiaoqin ZENG. Progress in Failure Mechanisms and Modification Strategies of Nickel-Based Alloys for Molten Salt Reactors[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(8): 1331-1346.

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摘要: 

熔盐堆作为第四代核能系统的重要堆型，其高温、强腐蚀和辐照耦合环境对结构材料的化学稳定性与服役可靠性提出严苛要求。镍基合金因具有高温相稳定性和低化学活性而成为关键候选材料，但仍面临选择性腐蚀溶解、碲致腐蚀开裂以及辐照加速腐蚀等一系列失效问题。本文系统综述了熔盐堆用镍基合金的多场耦合失效机理，并总结了“成分优化-第二相调控-晶界调控-涂层防护”四维协同改性体系。通过降低Cr含量、优化Mo / W比例抑制溶解；利用氧化物弥散强化颗粒俘获缺陷、阻断扩散；采用晶界工程(GBE)提高低Σ晶界比例，抑制Te渗透；并以Ni-W或SiC涂层形成终端屏障。最后指出，未来应发展原位表征、智能设计与环境自适应技术，实现镍基合金在熔盐堆中的长寿命服役。
关键词 ： 镍基合金,  熔盐堆,  失效机理,  改性策略    
Abstract：

The molten salt reactor (MSR) is an important reactor type in Generation IV nuclear systems. However, the high-temperature, corrosive, and irradiation-coupled environment of MSRs compromises the chemical stability and service reliability of structural materials. Nickel-based alloys, featuring an fcc matrix with high thermal stability and low chemical activity, are promising candidates but remain susceptible to selective corrosion dissolution, Te-induced corrosion cracking, and irradiation-accelerated corrosion. This review summarizes the multifield-coupled failure mechanisms of Ni-based alloys for MSRs and outlines a four-dimensional modification framework of “composition optimization, secondary phase regulation, grain boundary regulation, and coating protection”. Lowering the Cr content and optimizing the Mo / W ratios collectively suppress selective dissolution; secondary phase/oxide dispersion strengthened particles trap defects and block diffusion; grain boundary engineering suppresses Te penetration by increasing the fraction of low-Σ boundaries; Ni-W or silicon carbide coatings provide terminal protection. Future efforts should focus on in situ multifield characterization, machine learning-based design, and environment-adaptive regulation of Ni-based alloys to achieve their long-term reliability and engineering application in MSRs.
Key words： nickel-based alloy    molten salt reactor    failure mechanism    modification strategy
收稿日期: 2025-12-10     
ZTFLH:  TG146.1  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(U25B20113);国家自然科学基金项目(52471043);中国科协青年托举人才工程项目(TESS20240818);上海市启明星扬帆专项项目(24YF2718700)
通讯作者: 陈向阳，chenxiangyang3@snerdi.com.cn，主要从事核燃料材料设计研发研究; 王煦嘉，wangxj@snerdi.com.cn，主要从事核反应堆型号研发研究; 沈 朝，shenzhao081@sjtu.edu.cn，主要从事核材料高温腐蚀与防护研究
Corresponding author: CHEN Xiangyang, senior engineer, Tel: (021)61863529, E-mail: chenxiangyang3@snerdi.com.cn; WANG Xujia, professorate senior engineer, Tel: (021)61860728, E-mail: wangxj@snerdi.com.cn; SHEN Zhao, associate professor, Tel: (021)54740838, E-mail: shenzhao081@sjtu.edu.cn
作者简介: 王 优，女，1997年生，工程师，博士
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00407      或      https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I8/1331

ElementReactionReaction productΔG / (kJ·mol-1)
MoMo + 3HF(l) = MoF3 + 1.5H2(g)MoF3-27.288
NiNi + 2HF(l) = NiF2 + H2(g)NiF2-64.334
FeFe + 3HF(l) = FeF3 + 1.5H2(g)FeF3-127.298
Fe + 2HF(l) = FeF2 + H2(g)FeF2-131.981
CrCr + 2HF(l) = CrF2 + H2(g)CrF2-211.982
Cr + 3HF(l) = CrF3 + 1.5H2(g)CrF3-277.105
MnMn + 2HF(l) = MnF2 + H2(g)MnF2-279.745
NbNb + 5HF(l) = NbF5 + 2.5H2(g)NbF5-377.160
表1  常见活性元素与熔盐组分的化学反应及700 ℃下反应的Gibbs自由能变化(ΔG)汇总[10]
图1  常见氟化物生成反应的ΔG顺序图[11~13]
图2  Ni80Cr20、800H和GH3535合金在熔融FLiNaK盐中腐蚀后的表面和截面形貌及元素分布[14,15]
图3  625合金在700 ℃含0.5%Te的熔融FLiNaK盐中腐蚀48 h后的BSE像及元素线扫描分布曲线[23]；Ni在含Te熔融盐中腐蚀后Te沿晶界向基体内部扩散的EPMA像和元素分布图[24]；GH3535合金在700 ℃含Te的熔融FLiNaK盐中腐蚀1000 h后的截面形貌及EPMA元素面扫描分布图[26]；含Te熔盐腐蚀前后304不锈钢[27]、GH3535合金[24]的室温拉伸曲线图及形貌
Element and phaseReactionΔG
Cr3Te + 2Cr = Cr2Te3-294.60
Cr carbide10.5Te + Cr7C3 = 3.5Cr2Te3 + 3C-840.76
34.5Te + Cr23C6 = 11.5Cr2Te3 + 6C-2997.65
Ni3Te + 2Ni = Ni2Te3-112.96
Ni carbide4.5Te + Ni3C = 1.5Ni2Te3 + C-222.74
Fe2Te + Fe = FeTe2-33.45
Mo2Te + Mo = MoTe2-57.17
4Te + 3Mo = Mo3Te4-123.65
Mo carbide2Te + MoC = MoTe2 + C-27.38
4Te + Mo2C = 2MoTe2 + C-59.68
6Te + Mo3C2 = 3MoTe2 + 2C-96.22
表2  常见合金元素及其碳化物与Te发生化学反应的ΔG汇总[26] (kJ·mol-1)
图4  316L不锈钢在应力状态下的腐蚀开裂行为及应力腐蚀开裂机理示意图[31](a) cross-sectional morphologies of stress-free sample and creep sample after corrosion in molten salt at 565 oC for 830 and 1068 h(b1, b2) comparisons of thickness of corrosion layer (b1) and corrosion rate (b2) between stress-free sample and creep sample after corrosion in molten salt at 565 oC(c) schematics of stress corrosion cracking mechanism (GB—grain boundary)
图5  辐照耦合效应对材料老化的影响[36,38](a) microstructure change[36](b) GB change[38](c) induced segregation and carbide precipitation[38](d) accelerated dissolution corrosion[36]
MaterialT / oCt / hIrradiation conditionh / μm
Hastelloy N700300040.0
1 × 1015 n·cm-247.5
5 × 1015 n·cm-252.4
1 × 1016 n·cm-264.9
Hastelloy N700500023.9
1 × 1015 n·cm-233.9
1 × 1016 n·cm-242.9
5 × 1016 n·cm-254.8
GH35357005000.5
5 × 1016 n·cm-23.0
1.3 × 1017 n·cm-26.7
Inconel 61770050030.0
5 × 1016 n·cm-245.8
1.3 × 1017 n·cm-250.1
Incoloy 800H650407.7
9.64 × 10-4 dpa12.9
Incoloy 800H6508016.2
1.93 × 10-3 dpa17.4
Inconel 600650806.4
2.02 × 10-3 dpa6.3
Inconel 6006501608.6
4.04 × 10-3 dpa9.7
316L650103.9
2.34 × 10-4 dpa6.3
316L6508016.2
1.88 × 10-3 dpa22.8
表3  在辐照耦合效应下常见合金熔盐腐蚀深度汇总[39,41~46]

Alloy

Mass fraction

of Cr / %

Corrosion rate

mm·a-1

Mass loss

mg·cm-2

Haynes 23022.51.0051.5
Inconel 61722.10.6229.5
Hastelloy X21.30.2812.5
Incoloy 800H20.40.6328.0
Hastelloy N6.30.052.5
表4  常见镍基合金在850 ℃熔融FLiNaK盐中腐蚀500 h的腐蚀速率和单位面积失重[49]
图6  第二相/基体界面对材料耐腐蚀、抗辐照性能的作用机制[60,62,64]
图7  晶界工程(GBE)调控前后样品晶界变化[25]，不同晶界上二次碳化物的析出形貌[25]，及GBE调控后GH3535合金的腐蚀失重及力学性能变化[70]
Typical coating material systemCoating preparation methodMain process feature and applicable condition
Cr, Cr-Zr, Cr-Nb, Cr-AlPhysical vapor deposition (PVD)Forms dense and uniform coatings with controllable thickness; suitable for complex geometries; limited deposition rate; coating adhesion depends on substrate pretreatment
Cr, Cr-Al, Cr-Ni, Cr-FeHigh power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS)Produces dense, defect-free coatings with high ionization of sputtered species; excellent adhesion and microstructure uniformity; suitable for oxidation- and corrosion-resistant coatings on structural materials

Cr3C2, SiC, TiN

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)Enables good conformal coverage and high coating purity; applicable for diffusion barriers and high-temperature environments; requires high deposition temperature (700-1000 oC)

Ni, Ni-W, Ni-Mo

Electroplating/electrochemical depositionLow-cost and scalable process; capable of producing uniform metallic coatings; limited by substrate conductivity and coating compactness; post-deposition annealing improves adhesion
Ni, Ni-Cr, Ni-Al, Fe-Cr-AlCold spraySolid-state deposition with minimal oxidation; produces thick coatings with high bonding strength; suitable for large components and localized repair
Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Al, Ni-MoLaser cladding/surface meltingAchieves metallurgical bonding with substrate and gradient composition transition; effective for high-temperature oxidation protection; potential thermal stress and dilution at interface

Al2O3, SiO2, Y2O3

Sol-gel/dip coating

Simple and cost-effective; applicable to complex geometries; suitable for oxide protective films; poor adhesion under thermal cycling unless combined with interlayer
表5  常见涂层体系、制备工艺及主要工艺特点与适用条件[71~75]
图8  熔盐堆用镍基合金改性技术路线图
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