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金属学报  2021, Vol. 57 Issue (1): 16-28    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00200
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镍基合金焊接裂纹研究现状
余磊1,2, 曹睿1,2()
1.兰州理工大学 省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室 兰州 730050
2.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院 兰州 730050
Welding Crack of Ni-Based Alloys: A Review
YU Lei1,2, CAO Rui1,2()
1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
引用本文:

余磊, 曹睿. 镍基合金焊接裂纹研究现状[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(1): 16-28.
Lei YU, Rui CAO. Welding Crack of Ni-Based Alloys: A Review[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(1): 16-28.

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摘要: 

近年来，镍基合金焊接件在航空航天、核电、火电和石油化工等工程领域的应用需求快速增长。本文介绍了镍基合金的分类以及镍基合金焊接方法的研究，由于成本以及技术等的限制，镍基合金的焊接主要采用熔化焊焊接方法。重点综述了镍基合金焊接裂纹的产生机理以及各元素对裂纹的影响。镍基合金熔化焊焊接过程中易产生4种焊接裂纹：结晶裂纹、液化裂纹、失塑裂纹和应变时效裂纹。总体上，结晶裂纹和液化裂纹产生机理已较为明确，焊接过程中低熔点液态薄膜的出现是结晶裂纹和液化裂纹产生的主要因素。失塑裂纹目前仍没有对其明确的定义，镍基合金失塑裂纹产生机理也存在着较大的分歧。镍基合金应变时效裂纹是沉淀强化镍基合金所特有的，裂纹产生与沉淀相的沉淀速率密切相关。杂质元素和添加元素对镍基合金焊接裂纹敏感性有着重要影响，元素的影响虽然已经进行了大量的研究，但元素单独或者协同对裂纹敏感性的具体影响仍需进一步的研究。
关键词 ： 镍基合金,  焊接裂纹,  开裂机理,  杂质元素,  添加元素    
Abstract：

Recently, Ni-based weldments have been widely used in various industries, including aerospace, nuclear power, thermal power, and petrochemicals. In this paper, the classification and welding methods of Ni-based alloys are introduced. Fusion welding methods were mainly used for the welding of Ni-based alloys because of cost and technical limitations. The mechanism of welding cracks in Ni-based alloys and the effects of various elements on cracks are mainly reviewed. Solidification cracking, liquation cracking, ductility-dip cracking, and strain-age cracking frequently occurred in fusion welding processes. The appearance of a low-melting liquid film has been found to be the main reason for the relative clarity of the mechanisms of solidification cracking and liquation cracking. Ductility-dip cracking is still not clearly defined, and its mechanism in Ni-based alloys remains obscure. Strain-age cracking of Ni-based alloys is unique to precipitation-strengthened-Ni-based alloys and closely related to the precipitation rate. Though much research has been done, impurities and addition of elements have a major effect on welding cracks of Ni-based alloys. Therefore, the influence of most elements alone and the synergistic effects on cracks need further study.
Key words： Ni-based alloy    welding crack    cracking mechanism    impurity element    addition element
收稿日期: 2020-06-05     
ZTFLH:  TG406  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(51761027)
作者简介: 余 磊，男，1995年生，博士生
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00200      或      https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2021/V57/I1/16

图1  镍基合金焊接4种裂纹类型[7~10](a) solidification cracking of Inconel 718[7] (b) liquation cracking of Inconel 718[8](c) ductility dip cracking of FM-82[9] (d) strain age cracking of Waspaloy[10]
SystemkMaximum solubility / %Final eutectic temperature / oC
Ni-P0.020.32P870
Ni-SAbout 0About 0S637
Ni-B0.040.7B1093
Ni-Si0.78.2Si1143
表1  Ni-P、Ni-S、Ni-B和Ni-Si系统中平衡分配系数、最大固溶度和最终共晶温度[2]
图2  含Nb镍基合金中4种不同显微组织形态的发展示意图[2](a-Ⅰ) high C and low Nb Ni-based alloy (b-Ⅱ) high Nb and C Ni-based alloy with a small quantity of Laves (c-Ⅲ) high Nb and C Ni-based alloy with a large number of Laves (d-Ⅳ) low C Ni-based alloy
AlloyPrecipitateRef.
Inconel 718MC[8]
Inconel 738γ', MC, M3B2, Ni-Zr intermetallics[57,58]
Inconel 617M23(C, B)6[59]
Inconel 939γ', MC[60]
Rene 80γ', M5B3[61]
K465γ', MC[62]
表2  几种镍基合金产生组分液化的沉淀相[8,57~62]
图3  718镍基合金液化裂纹形成机理[8]
图4  延性作为温度函数的示意图[69]
图5  晶间析出物对晶界滑移、应变集中和孔洞形成的影响[9](a) straight grain boundaries(b) effect of intergranular precipitates(c) effect of intergranular precipitates and tortuous grain boundaries
TypeElementDDC sensitivityMechanism
ImpurityHIncreaseThe interaction of the increase of the local plastic deformation near the grain
elementboundary and the decrease of the bonding force between the precipitate and
the grain boundary
S, PIncreaseSegregation at the grain boundary reduces the bonding strength of grain
boundary and causes grain boundary embrittlement
AdditionBDecreaseIncrease the bonding force of metal atoms on grain boundary, and increase the
elementfracture resistance of grain boundary
NbDecreaseFormation of NbC intergranular precipitate provides grain boundary locking,
changes grain boundary morphology, and hinders grain boundary sliding
and formation of porosity
MnDecreaseStrong affinity for S
TiDecreaseFormation of Ti rich nitrides and carbides makes the equilibrium phase changes
to (MTi)(CN) during the solidification temperature range, and provides grain
boundary locking effect
表3  元素对失塑裂纹(DDC)影响的汇总[9]
图6  镍基合金应变时效裂纹(SAC)形成示意图[76]
图7  Al和Ti含量对镍基合金应变时效开裂敏感性的影响[76]
Alloy systemElementInfluence
Rene 41CLow carbon content resists SAC

713C

C

Low carbon content is not conducive to resist SAC
Rene 41BBeneficial
Rene 41OHarmful
表4  合金元素对镍基合金SAC的影响
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