压水堆主回路高温水中奥氏体不锈钢加工表面的腐蚀与应力腐蚀裂纹萌生：研究进展及展望

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00316

金属学报

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (2): 191-204 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00316

综述

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压水堆主回路高温水中奥氏体不锈钢加工表面的腐蚀与应力腐蚀裂纹萌生：研究进展及展望

常立涛(

)

中国科学院上海应用物理研究所上海 201800

Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Crack Initiation in the Machined Surfaces of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Pressurized Water Reactor Primary Water： Research Progress and Perspective

CHANG Litao(

)

Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

引用本文:

常立涛. 压水堆主回路高温水中奥氏体不锈钢加工表面的腐蚀与应力腐蚀裂纹萌生：研究进展及展望[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(2): 191-204.
Litao CHANG. Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Crack Initiation in the Machined Surfaces of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Pressurized Water Reactor Primary Water： Research Progress and Perspective[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(2): 191-204.

全文: PDF(4038 KB) HTML

摘要:

奥氏体不锈钢是制造压水堆主回路部件的重要结构材料。奥氏体不锈钢在压水堆核电站中的服役整体表现优异，但服役过程中仍然发生过应力腐蚀开裂事故。发生冷变形是奥氏体不锈钢部件出现应力腐蚀开裂事故的主要原因，而切削加工及加工表面的后处理是在部件表面引入冷变形的主要工艺过程。本文基于过去20年本领域国内外相关研究结果，综述了切削加工等工艺在奥氏体不锈钢表面引入的塑性变形区的显微组织与残余应力特征，以及表面变形对奥氏体不锈钢在压水堆主回路高温水环境中的腐蚀及应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为影响的研究进展。基于这些研究，指出了不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生研究中存在的问题、可能的解决办法，并对其他亟待开展的研究做了展望。

关键词 ：奥氏体不锈钢, 压水堆主回路高温水, 切削加工, 应力腐蚀裂纹萌生, 慢应变速率拉伸实验

Abstract：

Austenitic stainless steels (ASSs) are important materials which are used widely in the primary circuits of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The performance of the ASSs in PWR primary water has been outstanding. However, stress corrosion cracking cases have been identified in ASS components in the primary loop of PWR nuclear power plants since the end of 20th century. Most stress corrosion cracking cases occurred in low flow or stagnant zones in the dead-leg regions, where the primary water chemistry was contaminated with anionic impurities. Cold work has been identified to be necessary for stress corrosion cracking for components operating in locations where the water is well circulated. Machining and other surface treatments can always introduce cold work to ASS components. Therefore, considerable research efforts have been invested to understand the nature of the surface deformation layer on ASS introduced during machining processes and by other surface treatments, as well as the corrosion and stress corrosion crack initiation behaviors of the machined surfaces in simulated PWR primary water. This paper reviews the research progress on the surface deformation layer on ASSs introduced by various processes, and the effects of surface deformation on the corrosion and stress corrosion crack initiation behavior of ASSs. The key issues that remain to be solved are summarized, and possible solutions are suggested.

Key words： austenitic stainless steel PWR primary water machining stress corrosion crack initiation slow strain rate tensile test

收稿日期: 2022-06-27

ZTFLH:

TG172

作者简介: 常立涛，男，1987年生，研究员，博士

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00316 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2023/V59/I2/191

图1 奥氏体不锈钢铣削加工变形层显微组织[15,32]

图2 车削加工不锈钢深度方向残余应力分布[38]

图3 砂纸磨抛在不锈钢表面引入的变形层的显微组织[29,43]

图4 退火态316L不锈钢的抛光及铣削表面在高温水中形成的氧化物的表面形貌及其截面组织[30]

图5 退火316L不锈钢的抛光和铣削表面在高温水中形成的氧化层的显微组织[30]

图6 应力腐蚀裂纹寿命周期各阶段主要特征及影响因素[19]

图7 慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)实验条件下退火态316L不锈钢内氧化层中出现的裂纹[15]，冷轧316L不锈钢中萌生的沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹[28]，以及冷轧316L不锈钢沿晶裂纹边缘晶界上的滑移台阶[65]

图8 退火316L不锈钢铣削表面沿铣削纹路萌生的裂纹及裂纹截面形貌[15]

图9 温锻304L不锈钢的抛光及铣削表面在SSRT实验条件下萌生的裂纹及裂纹扩展路径[32]

图10 热处理前、后冷轧316L不锈钢表面的铣削超细晶层的HAADF-STEM像及表面萌生的应力腐蚀裂纹[28]

图11 反应堆工况、恒定载荷及慢应变速率拉伸实验过程中材料受力示意图

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