单晶高温合金凝固特性与典型凝固缺陷研究

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2015.00448

金属学报

2015, Vol. 51

Issue (10): 1163-1178 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2015.00448

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

单晶高温合金凝固特性与典型凝固缺陷研究

张军(

),黄太文,刘林,傅恒志

ADVANCES IN SOLIDIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPICAL CASTING DEFECTS IN NICKEL-BASED SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS

Jun ZHANG(

),Taiwen HUANG,Lin LIU,Hengzhi FU

State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072

引用本文:

张军,黄太文,刘林,傅恒志. 单晶高温合金凝固特性与典型凝固缺陷研究[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51(10): 1163-1178.
Jun ZHANG, Taiwen HUANG, Lin LIU, Hengzhi FU. ADVANCES IN SOLIDIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPICAL CASTING DEFECTS IN NICKEL-BASED SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2015, 51(10): 1163-1178.

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摘要:

单晶高温合金是一种复杂组元多相组织材料, 随着合金化程度的不断提高、难熔元素的增多和叶片结构的复杂化与大型化, 凝固缺陷控制成为提高叶片质量和性能的关键. 单晶合金的凝固组织及凝固缺陷不仅与合金成分有关, 还取决于其凝固特性及工艺条件, 本文阐述了先进单晶合金固/液相变温度、凝固分配系数等凝固特性的特点和变化规律, 重点分析了晶体取向偏离和杂晶2种典型凝固缺陷形成机制及其与凝固特性、工艺条件的关系, 探讨了解决复杂单晶叶片典型缺陷的方法和思路, 并评述了不同控制方法的实施效果.

关键词 ：单晶高温合金, 凝固特性, 凝固缺陷

Abstract：

Single crystal (SC) superalloy is a kind of complex structure and multi phase materials. With the increase of the degree of alloying and the content of refractory elements, or the more complicated structure and larger size of the casting made of SC superalloy, it is essential important to suppress the formation of solidification defects to improve the quality and performance of the blades. The microstructure and solidification defects of single crystal alloy are not only related to the composition of the alloy, but also depend on its solidification characteristics and technological conditions. The paper first summarizes the research progress of the solidification characteristics for advanced SC superalloys, focusing on analysis of the effects of solidification characteristics and processing parameters on the formation and its mechanics for two typical directional solidification defects, crystallographic orientation deviation and stray grains. Then some methods and approaches to suppress such defect formation for complex single crystal blade have been reviewed.

Key words： single crystal superalloy solidification characteristic solidification defect

基金资助:*国家高技术研究发展计划项目2012AA03A511, 国家自然科学基金项目51331005和50931004, 国家重点基础研究发展计划项目2011CB610406和西北工业大学基础研究基金项目2014JM6227资助

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2015.00448 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2015/V51/I10/1163

图 1 合金元素对单晶高温合金液相线温度的影响[12]

图 2 Re和Ru含量对镍基单晶高温合金凝固特征温度的影响[15]

表1 C含量对AM3合金相变温度的影响[19]

图3 Re和Ru对铸态组织共晶含量的影响[15]

图4 一种第三代单晶高温合金在不同过热温度下的部分DTA曲线[25]

图5 镍基高温合金DD90中各组元的分配系数随过热参数的变化

图 6 单晶叶片的凝固缺陷

图7 晶粒取向偏差与起始段高度的关系[28]

图8 起始段尺寸与单晶取向的关系[31]

图9 抽拉速率和铸型保温温度对选出单晶取向的影响[28]

图10 “籽晶+选晶”法时籽晶段微观组织和不同位置处的光学显微组织[34]

图11 突变截面内部的枝晶生长情况[38]

表2 选晶器出口与籽晶取向变化[34]

图12 叶片平台温度场演化及液相线温度等温线示意图[34]

图13 C, B和Re含量不同的合金在叶片模拟件平台处杂晶的形成[37]

图14 不同拉速条件下杂晶出现的位置[48]

表3 研究Re, C和B成分变化对于平台处杂晶形成的影响的实验合金的名义成分[37]

图15 添加石墨块对杂晶形成的影响[49]

图16 添加引晶条叶片模拟件CAFÉ模拟和实验结果[49]

图17 籽晶的摆放示意图[34]

图18 二次枝晶取向与偏转角度之间的关系[34]

图19 籽晶段和选晶段杂晶的演化[34]

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