金属材料的组织定制

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00555

金属学报

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (4): 447-456 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00555

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金属材料的组织定制

李殿中(

), 王培

中国科学院金属研究所沈阳材料科学国家研究中心沈阳 110016

Tailoring Microstructures of Metals

LI Dianzhong(

), WANG Pei

Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

引用本文:

李殿中, 王培. 金属材料的组织定制[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 447-456.
Dianzhong LI, Pei WANG. Tailoring Microstructures of Metals[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(4): 447-456.

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摘要:

根据性能需求设计组织是金属材料的重要发展方向。本工作提出了金属材料组织定制的新学术理念，其内涵是：基于材料物理本质进行介观尺度设计，建立组织与性能的量化关系，通过逆向精准调制并制备材料组织，满足材料服役性能需求。即，根据服役性能需求，首先进行组织筛选、跨尺度计算与组织要素量化，然后基于热力学和动力学调控进行组织制备，最后进行性能考核，迭代优化，实现组织定制。组织定制的前提是保证金属材料的纯净度和均质性，只有解决了材料的纯净性问题，夹杂物、杂质元素的影响作用才能排除；只有消除了宏观偏析缺陷的影响，材料才能实现均质性，材料的本征性能才能充分体现。本工作以航空发动机轴承用M50 (G80Cr4Mo4V)钢为例，介绍了在控制钢的纯净度和宏观偏析基础上，根据疲劳性能目标要求，指出粗大的共晶碳化物是影响疲劳性能的关键组织，进而对碳化物量化设计，最后通过控制碳化物尺寸、类型、形貌及演化行为满足了疲劳性能需求。随着冶金工业的技术进步，组织定制是金属材料学科发展的必然。依托材料计算与数据科学，在组织定制基础上，未来将逐步优化合金成分设计，实现贵金属元素减量化、微量化直至素化，从而节约资源，发展绿色材料。

关键词 ：金属材料, 组织定制, 显微组织, 服役性能评价

Abstract：

In the light of the property requirements to design microstructures will become an important develop direction of metal materials. Here, a new concept of microstructure tailoring is proposed. The main features of microstructure tailoring include designing mesoscale microstructure, establishing quantitative relation between microstructures and properties, accurately inverse-designing and fabricating microstructures to satisfy the property requirements. It means screening, multi-scale calculation, and quantification of the essential microstructural factors should be performed first. Second, the microstructures are purposefully fabricated after adjusting the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformation. Third, the microstructures are assessed and tailored through iterative optimization. Microstructure tailoring must be preceded by purification and homogenization of metals. Only when the purity problem of materials is solved first, the influence of inclusions and impurity elements can be eliminated. Only by eliminating the macro-segregation can the material achieve homogeneity. And then the intrinsic properties of the material be fully reflected. As an example of microstructure tailoring, this study investigates the expected fatigue-life requirements of M50 (G80Cr4Mo4V) steels used for bearings in aircraft engines. By controlling the macro-segregation and purification, it is found that the fatigue-life of M50 steel mainly depends on primary carbides. And then the size, type, and morphology of the primary carbides are quantitatively tailored to fulfill the fatigue-life requirement. With technological developments in the metallurgy industry, microstructure tailoring will become a mainstay of the development of metals. And, applying data science and modeling along with microstructure tailoring technology, the alloy design will be gradually optimized in the future. The expensive metal addition will be reduced gradually, so as to save resources and develop green materials.

Key words： metal tailoring microstructure microstructure service performance evaluation

收稿日期: 2022-11-01

ZTFLH:

TG113.1

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52031013)

通讯作者: 李殿中，dzli@imr.ac.cn，主要从事重大装备用特殊钢与大构件研究

Corresponding author: LI Dianzhong, professor, Tel: (024)83970106, E-mail: dzli@imr.ac.cn

作者简介: 李殿中，男，1967年生，研究员，博士

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链接本文:

https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00555 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2023/V59/I4/447

图1 组织定制的技术路线示意图

图2 低氧稀土处理的双真空M50钢中夹杂物统计

图3 M50钢中一次碳化物典型形貌

图4 M50钢疲劳试样中的裂纹萌生区域形貌及EDS

图5 根据组织设计制备出的一次碳化物尺寸≤ 20μm的M50钢显微组织

图6 不同工艺制备的M50钢± 900 MPa拉压疲劳寿命Weibull分布曲线(S1为组织定制控制一次碳化物尺寸≤ 20 μm材料曲线，S2为常规生产工艺不控制一次碳化物材料曲线)

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