镍基单晶高温合金的研发进展

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00122

金属学报

2019, Vol. 55

Issue (9): 1077-1094 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00122

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镍基单晶高温合金的研发进展

张健(

),王莉,王栋,谢光,卢玉章,申健,楼琅洪

中国科学院金属研究所沈阳 110016

Recent Progress in Research and Development of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloys

ZHANG Jian(

),WANG Li,WANG Dong,XIE Guang,LU Yuzhang,SHEN Jian,LOU Langhong

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

引用本文:

张健,王莉,王栋,谢光,卢玉章,申健,楼琅洪. 镍基单晶高温合金的研发进展[J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55(9): 1077-1094.
Jian ZHANG, Li WANG, Dong WANG, Guang XIE, Yuzhang LU, Jian SHEN, Langhong LOU. Recent Progress in Research and Development of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloys[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2019, 55(9): 1077-1094.

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摘要:

本文概述了近年来镍基单晶高温合金的研发进展。在合金研制方面，总结了单晶合金近几年的发展及其成分设计方法。针对单晶合金常见的变形和损伤、失效机制，分别介绍了单晶合金蠕变、疲劳、氧化及热腐蚀机理，以及单晶合金中常见缺陷对力学性能的影响。在单晶叶片制造工艺方面，总结了高速凝固、气冷、液态金属冷却、以及流态床冷却等几种常见定向凝固工艺的研发和应用现状，并介绍了单晶叶片中几种常见缺陷的形成机制和相关控制技术。此外，本文还讨论了单晶高温合金及单晶叶片在应用基础研究领域面临的困难和挑战。

关键词 ：单晶高温合金, 合金设计, 力学性能, 定向凝固, 缺陷

Abstract：

Single crystal superalloy is the key material used in the hot section of aeroengines and industry gas turbines. The research, development and application of these alloys is generally a mirror of the industry base of a country. The recent progress in research and development of single crystal superalloys is briefly reviewed in the present paper. Some new ideas in alloy development and the design methods are summarized. The deformation behaviors, damage and failure mechanisms of single crystal superalloys during creep, fatigue, oxidation and hot corrosion have been overviewed. The role of typical defects such as low angle grain boundary, recrystallization and micro-porosity is also discussed. The recent progress in the directional solidification processes and typical parameters of high rate solidification, gas cooling casting, liquid metal cooling and fluidized bed cooling are introduced. Fundamental correlations of processing parameters to defect formation and microstructure evolution during manufacture of single crystal blade is discussed. Additionally, the future opportunities and challenges are also explored.

Key words： single crystal superalloy alloy design mechanical property directional solidification defect

收稿日期: 2019-04-22

ZTFLH:

TG132.3

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目(No.2017YFB0702904);国家自然科学基金项目(Nos.91860201、51631008、51871210、51771204、U1732131和51671196);国家科技重大专项项目(Nos.2017-VII-0008-0101、2017-VI-0001-0070和2017-VI-0003-0073)

作者简介: 张健，男，1972年生，研究员，博士

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00122 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2019/V55/I9/1077

图1 钴基合金与典型第一代镍基单晶合金持久性能对比

表1 单晶合金设计方法

Alloys

Test condition

Creep mechanisms at intermediate temperature

Ref.

CMSX-4

1st generation SX alloy

750~850 ℃/450~750 MPa;

760 ℃/600, 700, 850 MPa

Different a/2<110> dislocations react at the interfaces of γ/γ'

a/2[011]+a/2[011]+a/2[ $1 ˉ$ 01]+a/2[ $1 ˉ$ 01]→a/3[112]+a/3[ $1 ˉ$ 12]+a/6[ $1 ˉ$ 12]+a/6[ $1 ˉ$ 12]a/3[ $1 ˉ$ 12] and a/6[ $1 ˉ$ 12] partial dislocations cut into γ' and leave a combination of SISF, SESF and APB

[33,34,38]

AM1, MC-NG, MC534, CMSX-10M, Rene N6

760 ℃/

840 MPa

a/2<110> dislocation cuts into γ' and results in a APB

[36]

SRR99

1st generation SX alloy

760 ℃/600, 780 MPa

760 ℃/600, 700, 850 MPa

a/2<110> dislocations dissociate at the interface:

a/2[ $1 ˉ$ 01]→a/3[ $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 2]+a/6[ $1 ˉ$ 2 $1 ˉ$ ]

a/3<112> partial dislocations cut into γ' and leave a SISF or SESF a/6<112> partial dislocation would be left at the γ/γ' interfaces

[37,38]

表2 单晶高温合金中温蠕变机制[33,34,36,37,38]

图2 不同代别单晶高温合金的持久性能对比

图3 第三代单晶DD33在1100 ℃、150 MPa蠕变断裂后的筏化组织及典型位错网形貌[47]

图4 单晶叶片中几种典型的缺陷

表3 微量元素对高温合金双晶持久寿命的影响

图5 在固溶温度以上形成的再结晶层和在较低温度下形成的胞状再结晶

图6 再结晶对定向和单晶高温合金高温持久性能的影响

图7 利用X射线断层扫描(XCT)观察到的铸态和热等静压DD33单晶合金中的显微孔洞

表4 几种定向凝固工艺的特点

图8 螺旋选晶器的结构与典型组织

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