Revisiting the Development of Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys over the Past Decade (2014-2024): Design, Manufacturing, and Applications

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00250

Acta Metall Sin

2025, Vol. 61

Issue (1): 1-11 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00250

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Revisiting the Development of Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys over the Past Decade (2014-2024): Design, Manufacturing, and Applications

WANG Zhijun¹(

), BAI Xiaoyu¹, WANG Jianbin¹, JIANG Hui², JIAO Wenna³, LI Tianxin⁴, LU Yiping³^,⁵(

)

1 State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
2 School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
4 College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
5 Liaoning Engineering Research Center of High-Entropy Alloy Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

Cite this article:

WANG Zhijun, BAI Xiaoyu, WANG Jianbin, JIANG Hui, JIAO Wenna, LI Tianxin, LU Yiping. Revisiting the Development of Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys over the Past Decade (2014-2024): Design, Manufacturing, and Applications. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(1): 1-11.

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Abstract

Eutectic alloys are a class of multi-phase materials named for their formation through eutectic reactions during solidification. They have a long history as the most widely used casting alloys. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), on the other hand, are a novel class of multi-principal element alloys that have rapidly developed since their conceptualization in 2004. Combining the advantages of eutectic alloys and HEAs, eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) were first proposed in 2014. Over a decade, EHEAs have been systematically investigated by focusing on alloy design, microstructure/performance optimization, large-scale fabrication, and potential applications. Their unique microstructures and excellent comprehensive properties have made EHEAs promising materials across various domains, garnering significant attention in recent years. By revisiting the advances in composition design, manufacturing, and applications of EHEAs over the past decade, this review offered insights into future trends and developments in this rapidly evolving field.

Key words: eutectic high-entropy alloy composition design microstructure control material manufacturing application

Received: 23 July 2024

ZTFLH:

TG139

Corresponding Authors: WANG Zhijun, professor, Tel: 13484671484, E-mail: zhjwang@nwpu.edu.cn;
LU Yiping, professor, Tel: (0411)84709400, E-mail: luyiping@dlut.edu.cn

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	WANG Zhijun
	BAI Xiaoyu
	WANG Jianbin
	JIANG Hui
	JIAO Wenna
	LI Tianxin
	LU Yiping

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00250 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2025/V61/I1/1

Fig.1 Strategies to design eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs)
(a) calculated pseudo-binary-phase diagram for FeCoNiCrNb _x alloys^[22] (b1-b4) microstructures of (CoCrFeNi)M_x EHEAs obtained by the simple mixing method^[23] (c) empirical design criteria for EHEAs based on the relationship between valence electron concentration (VEC) and atomic size difference (δ_r)^[25] (d) empirical design criteria for EHEAs based on the relationship between mixed enthalpy of solid solution (ΔH

m i x s s

) and VEC of solid solution (VEC_ss) (IMC—intermetallic compound)^[26]

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of designing EHEAs with machine learning^[27] (x_i is the ith input parameter, y is the output parameter. The f₁(x) and f₂(x) are the internal layer functions in an artificial neural network model)

Fig.3 Typical solidification microstructures of EHEAs
(a) ultrafine eutectic microstructure (A and B show the dendritic and inter-dendritic regions, respectively)^[34]
(b) lamellar microstructure^[38]
(c) mixed lamellar/irregular microstructure^[39]

Fig.4 Microstructures of EHEAs tailored by various processing methods
(a) BSE image, EBSD phase, and Inverse pole figures (IPFs) of the directionally solidified Al₁₉Fe₂₀Co₂₀Ni₄₁ EHEA, showing a herringbone-like eutectic microstructure (BEC—branched eutectic colonies, AEC—aligned eutectic colonies)^[48]
(b) EBSD IPF map of as-printed AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 EHEA, showing ultrafine nanolamellar eutectic colonies with different crystallographic orientations (Inset shows the EBSD phase map)^[50]
(c) EBSD phase map of the anomalous eutectic structure in remelted additive manufactured Ni₃₂Co₃₀Cr₁₀Fe₁₀Al₁₈ EHEA^[51]
(d) EBSD phase map of equiaxed ultrafine-grained structure in the 90% cold-rolled AlCoCrFeNi_2.1EHEA after isothermal annealing^[53]
(e) SEM image and EBSD phase map of the AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 EHEA cold-rolled by 84%-86% followed by non-isothermally annealing, showing heterogeneous duplex microstructure consisting of lamellar and ultrafine-grained structure^[52]
(f) IPFs of the phase-selectively recrystallized Ni₃₀Co₃₀Cr₁₀Fe₁₀Al₁₈W₂ EHEA, showing the microstructure with a fully recrystallized fcc phase embedded in the skeleton of a B2 phase^[54]

Fig.5 Mechanical properties of EHEAs with different microstructures
(a) directionally solidified Al₁₉Fe₂₀Co₂₀Ni₄₁ EHEA with herringbone-like microstructure (Inset shows the strain-hardening rate curves. MDIH and MBIH refer to multi-slip dislocation-induced hardening and microband-induced hardening, respectively; ε_U—uniform strain; σ_y—yield strength of Al₁₉Fe₂₀Co₂₀Ni₄₁ EHEA; σ_UTS—ultimate tensile strength of Al₁₉Fe₂₀Co₂₀Ni₄₁ EHEA)^[48]
(b) as-printed and annealed AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 EHEA with ultrafine nanolamellar structure (Inset shows the schematic of a dogbone-shaped specimen under tensile loading. σ_u—ultimate tensile strength of AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 EHEA; σ_0.2—yield strength of AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 EHEA)^[50]
(c) additive manufactured Ni₃₂Co₃₀Cr₁₀Fe₁₀Al₁₈ EHEA with anomalous eutectic structure^[51]
(d) ultrafine-grained AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 EHEA (CR—cold rolling)^[53]
(e) heterogeneous-grained AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 EHEA (Inset shows the loading-unloading-reloading behavior of the DPHL700 and the as-cast EHEA, DPHL—dual-phase heterogeneous lamella, UFG EHEA—ultrafine-grain EHEA, CH EHEA—complex and hierarchical EHEA)^[52]
(f) phase-selectively recrystallized Ni₃₀Co₃₀Cr₁₀Fe₁₀Al₁₈W₂ EHEA (AC—as-cast, FR—fully recrystallization, PSR—phase-selective recrystallization)^[54]

Fig.6 Examples of industrial production of EHEA
(a) ton-class EHEA ingot prepared by vacuum induction melting
(b) 200 mm wide cold-rolled sheet
(c) large marine propeller

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