Research and Development in NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00422

Acta Metall Sin

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (1): 55-74 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00422

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Research and Development in NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

YANG Chao¹(

), LU Haizhou²(

), MA Hongwei¹, CAI Weisi¹

1.National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
2.School of Mechatronic Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China

Cite this article:

YANG Chao, LU Haizhou, MA Hongwei, CAI Weisi. Research and Development in NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(1): 55-74.

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Abstract

The postprocessing/machining of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) is extremely challenging and difficult due to their low thermal conductivity and the high reactivity of ready-made NiTi parts. As a typical metal additive manufacturing technology, selective laser melting (SLM) offers significant advantages and can directly fabricate complex metallic parts, effectively address the problems of cold workability and machinability for NiTi parts. By establishing the relationship between processing parameters, microstructure, functional properties, and revealing the underlying mechanisms for altered phase transformation behavior and functional properties of SLM NiTi SMAs, it can serve as a theoretical foundation for expanding the applications of SLM NiTi SMAs. As a result, this paper comprehensively evaluates the formability, phase transformation behavior, microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermomechanical properties of SLM NiTi SMAs. Additionally, the design of SLM porous NiTi SMAs, as well as their biocompatibility, are discussed. Eventually, the future development trend and critical problems in studying SLM NiTi SMAs are investigated.

Key words: selective laser melting NiTi shape memory alloy microstructure thermomechanical property porous NiTi

Received: 31 August 2022

ZTFLH:

TG146.23

Fund: Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B090923001);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A2085)

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	Chao YANG
	Haizhou LU
	Hongwei MA
	Weisi CAI

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00422 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2023/V59/I1/55

Fig.1 Research content and outline of selective laser melting (SLM) NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs)

Fig.2 Feedstock powders to fabricate NiTi SMAs by SLM
(a, b) pre-mixed Ni and Ti powders^[21]
(c) pre-alloyed Ni_50.2Ti_49.8 powder^[22] (d-f) NiTi powders modified by Ni particles^[23,24](Inset in Fig.2d is particle size distribution of modified powders, and D₅₀ is the average size of modified powders)

Table 1 Process parameters of SLM NiTi SMAs^{[8,9,23,24,26-57]}

Fig.3 Variation of formability in SLM NiTi SMAs with different energy densities (low power and low scanning speed) (a)^[9], SLM NiTi SMAs with different energy densities (high power and high scanning speed) (b)^[26], diagrams between the process parameters of SLM Ni_50.8Ti_49.2 (c)^[19] and Ni_50.1Ti_49.9 (d)^[19] SMAs and formability predicted by Eagle-Tsai model (Pentagram shape in orange is SLM NiTi SMAs fabricated with low power and low scanning speed, pentagram shape in red is SLM NiTi SMAs fabricated with high power and high scanning speed)

Fig.4 Defects in SLM NiTi SMAs (a-d)^[19]and effect of energy density on formability of SLM NiTi SMAs (e-h)^[22]

Fig.5 DSC curves of SLM Ni_50.6Ti_49.4 with same energy density for as-fabricated (a)^[10] and solution treated at 1000^oC for 2 h (b)^[10]; DSC curves of SLM Ni_50.6Ti_49.4 with altered laser power (c)^[15]; DSC curves of as-fabricated (d)^[35], solution treated (e)^[35], and aged (f)^[35] Ni_51.4Ti_48.6 fabricated with different hatches

Fig.6 TEM images of SLM Ni_50.9Ti_49.1 fabricated at different hatches showing subgrain structure and nanoprecipitates (a, c, e) and dislocations (b, d, f)^[16]
(a, b) center of the laser track at 35 μm hatch
(c, d) center of the laser track at 120 μm hatch
(e, f) edge of the laser track at 120 μm hatch

Fig.7 TEM images, STEM images, and selected area electron diffraction pattern of SLM NiTi alloys after heat treatment
(a-d) TEM images of SLM Ni_50.4Ti_49.6 after solution treatment (at 1000^oC for 1 h) and ageing (at 350^oC/450^oC for 1 h)^[47]
(e) STEM-HAADF image of SLM Ni_51.4Ti_48.6 after solution treatment (at 950^oC for 12 h) and ageing (at 450^oC for 5 h)^[35]
(f-h) STEM-HAADF image and selected area electron diffraction pattern of SLM Ni_51.1Ti_48.9 after ageing (at 400^oC for 1 h)^[19]

Fig.8 Summaries of mechanical properties of NiTi SMAs
(a) NiTi SMAs by SLM^{[24,26,27,56,63-66]}, NiTi and NiTi-based composites by hot pressed sintering (HPS) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP)^[67,68], and NiTi SMAs by selective electron beam melting^[69] under compression
(b) NiTi SMAs by SLM under tension^{[14,15,19,22,40-43,45,46,53,55,56,65,70-75]}

Fig.9 Compression superelastic behaviors and cyclic superelastic behaviers of as-fabricated SLM NiTi SMAs
(a) compression superelastic behaviors of Ni_50.8Ti_49.2 under the same energy density (55.5 J/mm³)^[61] (A_f—austenite transformation finish temperature)
(b) compression superelastic behaviors of Ni_50.8Ti_49.2 under different laser scanning hatches^[62] (c-f) cyclic superelastic behaviors of Ni_50.8Ti_49.2 under different laser powers and scanning speeds^[62]

Fig.10 Compressive superelasticity of SLM NiTi SMAs
(a) Ni_50.8Ti_49.2 in as-fabricated and different heat-treated states^[29]
(b) superelasticity of Ni_50.8Ti_49.2 in heat-treated at 350^oC for 1 h^[79]
(c) single superelasticity of Ni_51.4Ti_48.6 in as-fabricated, solid solution, and ageing states^[35] (σ—stress, ε—strain) (d-f) superelasticities of Ni_51.4Ti_48.6 in as-fabricated, solid solution, and ageing states during 10 cyc^[35]

Fig.11 Uniaxial tensile mechanical properties and tensile superelasticity of SLM NiTi SMAs
(a) uniaxial tensile mechanical properties of SLM Ni_50.6Ti_49.4 (at austenite state) at different laser powers^[15]
(b) uniaxial tensile mechanical properties of SLM Ni_50.4Ti_49.6 at martensite state^[43] (c, d) tensile driving behaviors at different laser scanning hatches^[80] (ε_act—actuation strain, ε_irr—irrecoverable strain) (e, f) cyclic tensile superelasticities of SLM Ni_50.8Ti_49.2 with and without heat treatment^[19] (T—temperature) (g, h) cyclic tensile superelasticities of SLM Ni_50.4Ti_49.6 with different heat treatments^[47]

Table 2 Recovery strains of SLM NiTi SMAs under compression^{[23,24,26,29,35,51,61,62,70,79,82,83]}

Table 3 Recovery strains of SLM NiTi SMAs under tension^{[14,19,20,47,49,56,72]}

Fig.12 Comparisons of mechanical properties of NiTi SMAs, stainless steel, and human tissues (a), isometric view of the CAD model and image of SLM porous Ni_45.2Ti_54.8 (b)^[38], CAD models with three different pore sizes and image of SLM porous Ni_50.4Ti_49.6 (c)^[63], cellular lattice structure and image of SLM porous Ni_50.6Ti_49.4 (d)^[90], and CAD models and image of the SLM Ni_50.3Ti_49.7 gyroid cellular structure (e) (U-GCS: uniform gyroid cellular structure, Y-GCS: graded gyroid structure with the density gradient along y-axis, Z-GCS: graded gyroid structure with density along gradient z-axis)^[37]

Fig.13 Mechanical properties of porous NiTi SMAs with different pore sizes (a)^[63], mechanical properties of porous NiTi SMAs with different structures (b-d)^[37], shape memory effect of porous NiTi SMAs with different pore sizes (ε_rec—recoverable strain) (e, f)^[63], and superelasticities of porous NiTi SMAs with different strut thicknesses (g, h)^[90]

Fig.14 Biocompatibility of SLM porous NiTi SMAs^[63]
(a) fluorescence images of live cell viability of MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on NiTi samples after being cultured for 1 d (The dotted circle and arrows indicate that MC3T3-E1 cells bridged the pores) (b, c) SEM images of MC3T3-E1 cells on outer (b) and inner (c) surfaces of the porous NiTi scaffolds after being cultured for 7 d in a humid environment at 37^oC (The arrows indicate MC3T3-E1 cells)

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