Effect of Grain Boundary Carbide and Dynamic Recrystalli-zation on the High-Temperature Plasticity of Columnar-Grain Solidified Microstructure in 690 Alloy

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00157

Acta Metall Sin

2026, Vol. 62

Issue (2): 339-350 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00157

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Effect of Grain Boundary Carbide and Dynamic Recrystalli-zation on the High-Temperature Plasticity of Columnar-Grain Solidified Microstructure in 690 Alloy

ZHAO Xia¹^,², WANG Min¹^,²(

), HAO Xianchao¹^,², ZHANG Long¹^,², GAO Ming¹^,², MA Yingche¹^,²(

), LIU Kui¹

1 Shi -changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
2 CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

ZHAO Xia, WANG Min, HAO Xianchao, ZHANG Long, GAO Ming, MA Yingche, LIU Kui. Effect of Grain Boundary Carbide and Dynamic Recrystalli-zation on the High-Temperature Plasticity of Columnar-Grain Solidified Microstructure in 690 Alloy. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(2): 339-350.

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Abstract

690 alloy, an austenitic nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloy, is widely regarded as an ideal material for steam generator tubing in nuclear power plants. Its superior resistance to stress corrosion cracking, excellent workability, and simple composition make it highly suitable for this application. In China, the domestic production of Alloy 690 tubes involves creating master alloy ingots through a combined melting process, utilizing vacuum induction melting and electro-slag remelting (ESR). To meet the requirements for product quantity and quality stability, typically, the master alloy ingots weigh at least 3 t. During the ESR process, the ingot solidifies progressively in a water-cooled copper mold, resulting in a coarse columnar-grain structure. This solidification structure optimizes the ingot's microstructure and minimizes element segregation. However, it also produces numerous straight grain boundaries, complicating the subsequent cogging of the ingot. This study aims to understand the deformation characteristics of 690 alloy ESR ingots and enhance their forging quality. The high-temperature plasticity of columnar-grain 690 alloy was investigated using Gleeble and conventional tensile testing machines. Results indicate that the plasticity of 690 alloy columnar-grain samples decreases considerably around 1050-1100 ^oC. Within this low plasticity range, extensive cracking along grain boundaries occurs, leading to intergranular brittle fracture. Above 1100 ^oC, M₂₃C₆ carbides along the grain boundaries dissolve extensively, reducing the stability of the grain boundaries and their resistance to sliding. For 690 alloy columnar-grain samples, poor deformation coordination among grains result in severe local plastic deformation along the grain boundaries. This promote the formation of cavities and cracks, thereby deteriorating the alloy's high-temperature tensile properties. At 1150 ^oC and higher temperatures, dynamic recrystallization in 690 alloy is significantly enhanced, which effectively restricts the propagation of intergranular cracks and improves the material's uniform deformation capability.

Key words: 690 alloy high-temperature plasticity intergranular cracking grain boundary carbide dynamic recrystallization

Received: 13 May 2024

ZTFLH:

TG146.1+5

Corresponding Authors: WANG Min, associate professor, Tel: (024)23971986, E-mail: minwang@imr.ac.cn;
MA Yingche, professor, Tel: (024)23971986, E-mail: ycma@imr.ac.cn

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	ZHAO Xia
	WANG Min
	HAO Xianchao
	ZHANG Long
	GAO Ming
	MA Yingche
	LIU Kui

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00157 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I2/339

Fig.1 Photograph of forging fracture of 690 alloy electro-slag remelted ingot

Fig.2 Macrostructure (a) and sampling location (b) of 690 alloy electro-slag remelted ingot

Fig.3 Variations of the high-temperature ultimate tensile strength (R_m) (a) and plasticity (b) of 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile testing under different temperatures (A—elongation after fracture, Z—reduction of area, T—temperature)

Fig.4 True stress-true strain curves of 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile testing at 1050-1150 ^oC

Fig.5 Macrophotographs (a-d) and SEM images (e-h) of 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile testing at 900 ^oC (a, e), 1000 ^oC (b, f), 1050 ^oC (c, g), and 1100 ^oC (d, h) (Insets in Figs.5a-c are corresponding enlarged views)

Fig.6 Longitudinal OM images of fractured 690 alloy columnar-grain samples testing at 900 ^oC (a), 1000 ^oC (b), 1050 ^oC (c), 1100 ^oC (d), 1150 ^oC (e), 1200 ^oC (f), and 1250 ^oC (g) (Insets in Figs.6b-d are the partially enlarged views)

Fig.7 Longitudinal OM images (a1-d1) and OM images in the direction from far to near the crack location (a2-a4, b2-b4, c2-c4, d2-d4) of fractured 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile testing at 1000 ^oC (a1-a4), 1050 ^oC (b1-b4), 1100 ^oC (c1-c4), and 1150 ^oC (d1-d4)

Fig.8 Longitudinal inverse pole figures (IPFs) (a-c) and kernel average misorientation (KAM) maps (d-f) of fractured 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile testing at 1050 ^oC (a, d), 1100 ^oC (b, e), and 1150 ^oC (c, f) (Inset in Fig.8a is locally enlarged view)

Fig.9 TEM images of dislocation morphologies on the region near the fracture surface (≈ 7 mm) of 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile testing at 1000 ^oC (a), 1100 ^oC (b), and 1200 ^oC (c) (Insets in Figs.9a-c are selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns)

Fig.10 Longitudinal SEM images of grain boundary carbides in fractured 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile test at 900 ^oC (a), 1000 ^oC (b), 1050 ^oC (c), and 1100 ^oC (d) (Inset in Fig.10b is corresponding EDS analysis of grain boundary carbides)

Fig.11 SEM images of grain boundary carbides in the 690 alloy columnar-grain samples under as-cast state (a) and annealed at 1000 ^oC (b), 1050 ^oC (c), 1100 ^oC (d), and 1150 ^oC (e) for 10 min

Fig.12 SEM images of grain boundary triple junction (a) and grain boundary precipitates (b) in 690 alloy columnar-grain sample after tensilt test at 1000 ^oC (A-D represent different types of grain boundaries; yellow dashed line represents columnar-grain boundary, blue solid line represents recrystallized grain boundary)

Fig.13 Schematics of the influence of grain boundary carbides and recrystallization on crack propagation behavior of 690 alloy columnar-grain samples after tensile test at 900-1050 ^oC (a), 1100 ^oC (b), 1150-1200 ^oC (c), and 1250 ^oC (d)

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