热处理工艺对选区激光熔化成型<strong>18Ni300</strong>马氏体时效钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00009

金属学报

2025, Vol. 61

Issue (10): 1515-1530 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00009

研究论文

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

热处理工艺对选区激光熔化成型18Ni300马氏体时效钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

吴文伟¹^,², 向超²(

), 张涛²(

), 邹志航², 孙勇飞¹^,², 刘金鹏², 张涛²(

), 韩恩厚²^,³

1 广州大学物理与材料科学学院广州 510006
2 广东腐蚀科学与技术创新研究院广州 510530
3 华南理工大学材料科学与工程学院广州 510641

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

WU Wenwei¹^,², XIANG Chao²(

), ZHANG Tao²(

), ZOU Zhihang², SUN Yongfei¹^,², LIU Jinpeng², ZHANG Tao²(

), HAN En-Hou²^,³

1 School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2 Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510530, China
3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

引用本文:

吴文伟, 向超, 张涛, 邹志航, 孙勇飞, 刘金鹏, 张涛, 韩恩厚. 热处理工艺对选区激光熔化成型18Ni300马氏体时效钢微观组织及力学性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(10): 1515-1530.
Wenwei WU, Chao XIANG, Tao ZHANG, Zhihang ZOU, Yongfei SUN, Jinpeng LIU, Tao ZHANG, En-Hou HAN. Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(10): 1515-1530.

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摘要:

近年来，18Ni300马氏体时效钢在增材制造随形冷却模具中得到广泛应用，而热处理工艺是决定打印件组织和性能否满足服役要求的重要因素。本工作研究了直接时效和固溶时效2种典型热处理工艺对选区激光熔化成型18Ni300马氏体时效钢微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，打印态、直接时效态和固溶时效态试样中均存在奥氏体，且与马氏体基体存在经典Nishiyama-Wassermann取向关系。打印态试样元素分布均匀，存在明显的熔池结构和胞状组织，胞状组织由位错缠结形成，在晶界处存在少量长条状的奥氏体。直接时效处理后胞状组织和熔池结构发生部分溶解，Ni在部分晶界和胞壁处富集，具有较高含量的奥氏体。固溶时效处理后获得近全马氏体组织，元素分布均匀，胞状组织和熔池结构基本消失，Ni在部分晶界处富集，存在微量奥氏体。打印态试样的奥氏体无明显化学成分偏析，为残余奥氏体；而直接时效态和固溶时效态试样的奥氏体存在Ni富集，为逆转奥氏体。直接时效和固溶时效处理使Ni在部分晶界和胞壁处富集，Ni富集促进逆转奥氏体生成并使其稳定存在。打印态试样的屈服强度为(1090 ± 1.5) MPa，直接时效和固溶时效处理后基体析出大量棒状η-Ni₃Ti金属间化合物，强度提升，其中，直接时效处理后屈服强度可达(1854 ± 13.2) MPa，固溶时效处理后屈服强度可达(2059 ± 9.9) MPa。打印态试样的强度主要由马氏体相变强化和固溶强化贡献，而直接时效态和固溶时效态试样的强度主要由马氏体相变强化、固溶强化和析出强化贡献，且固溶时效态试样具有更强的析出强化效果，这主要是由于固溶时效态试样的析出相具有更高的密度和长径比。

关键词 ：增材制造, 马氏体时效钢, 微观组织, 热处理, 奥氏体

Abstract：

Recently, 18Ni300 maraging steel has been widely used for preparing conformal cooling molds via additive manufacturing. The requirements pertaining to the service life of these molds have become more stringent, but whether the microstructures and properties of these molds can meet the service requirements largely depends on the applied heat treatment. This paper studies the effects of two typical heat treatment processes—direct aging and solution aging—on the microstructure and tensile properties of 18Ni300 maraging steel fabricated via selective laser melting. In all prepared specimens, austenite was present and the classical Nishiyama-Wassermann orientation relationship was observed between austenite and the martensitic matrix. Elements in the as-prepared samples were evenly distributed, with obvious molten-pool and cell structures composed mainly of dislocation entanglements. In addition, a small number of long austenite strips appeared at the grain boundaries. Direct aging partially dissolved the cell and molten-pool structures and enriched Ni at some grain boundaries. The direct-aging sample exhibited relatively high austenite content. Meanwhile, the solution-aging sample exhibited a nearly complete martensite structure with evenly distributed elements. In addition, cell and molten-pool structures were almost completely removed and Ni was enriched at some grain boundaries. Further, trace amounts of austenite remained. Austenite retained in the as-prepared samples showed no obvious chemical composition segregation. Austenite present in the direct-aging and solution-aging samples was Ni enriched and confirmed to be of the reverted type. Ni at certain grain boundaries and cell walls was enriched due to cell-wall dissolution during the direct- and solution-aging treatments. Ni enrichment promoted the formation and stability of reverted austenite. Numerous round rod-shaped Ni₃Ti intermetallic compounds precipitated from the matrix after both the treatments, greatly increasing the yield strength from (1090 ± 1.5) MPa of the untreated sample to (1854 ± 13.2) MPa and (2059 ± 9.9) MPa of the direct-aging and solution-aging samples, respectively. The strength of the as-prepared samples was mainly contributed by austenite-to-martensitic phase transformation and solid-solution strengthening, while those of the direct- and solution-aging samples were mainly contributed by austenite-to-martensitic phase transformation, solid-solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening. Moreover, the solution-aging samples exhibited greater precipitation strengthening than the direct-aging samples, mainly owing to the high density and large length-diameter ratio of their precipitates.

Key words： additive manufacturing maraging steel microstructure heat treatment austenite

收稿日期: 2024-01-12

ZTFLH:

TG142.1+5

基金资助:广东腐蚀科学与技术创新研究院青年创新基金项目(E1551601)

通讯作者: 向超，cxiang@icost.ac.cn，主要从事先进金属材料增材制造技术研究;
张涛，zhangtao@gzhu.edu.cn，主要从事先进核能材料、轻质合金材料研究

作者简介: 吴文伟，男，1999年生，硕士生

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00009 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2025/V61/I10/1515

图1 18Ni300马氏体时效钢粉末形貌和粒径分布，拉伸试样和冲击试样的成型和尺寸示意图以及选区激光熔化(SLM)成型时使用的扫描策略示意图

图2 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的XRD谱

图3 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的OM像

图4 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的SEM像

图5 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的EBSD像

图6 AB试样的TEM表征结果

图7 DA试样的TEM表征结果

图8 SA试样的TEM表征结果

图9 SA试样逆转奥氏体的TEM表征结果

图10 DA和SA试样中析出相的TEM像和相应区域的EDS元素分析，及单个析出相的EDS线扫描结果

图11 DA和SA试样析出相的HRTEM像和快速Fourier变换(FFT)结果

图12 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的工程应力-应变曲线

表1 不同状态SLM 18Ni300试样的力学性能

图13 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的拉伸断口形貌SEM像

图14 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的微观组织演变示意图

图15 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样的局部取向差(KAM)统计图

图16 不同热处理状态SLM 18Ni300试样屈服强度的理论值和测试值

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