纳米孪晶金属和纳米孪晶共价材料的力学行为

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00291

金属学报

2021, Vol. 57

Issue (11): 1380-1395 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00291

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纳米孪晶金属和纳米孪晶共价材料的力学行为

温斌(

), 田永君(

)

燕山大学亚稳材料制备技术与科学国家重点实验室高压科学中心秦皇岛 066004

Mechanical Behaviors of Nanotwinned Metals and Nanotwinned Covalent Materials

WEN Bin(

), TIAN Yongjun(

)

Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China

引用本文:

温斌, 田永君. 纳米孪晶金属和纳米孪晶共价材料的力学行为[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(11): 1380-1395.
Bin WEN, Yongjun TIAN. Mechanical Behaviors of Nanotwinned Metals and Nanotwinned Covalent Materials[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(11): 1380-1395.

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摘要:

金属材料和共价材料是2类重要的结构材料。常规的强化方法在提高这2类材料强度的同时，通常会降低材料的韧性。最近的实验结果表明，孪晶化可以同时提高Cu和金刚石的强度(硬度)和韧性，打破了材料强度和韧性的倒置关系，成为材料力学行为研究的热点。阐明纳米孪晶Cu和纳米孪晶金刚石的强韧化机制，有望找到协同提高材料强度和韧性的有效方法。本文综述了纳米孪晶金属和纳米孪晶共价材料在实验和理论方面的研究进展，总结了纳米孪晶金属和纳米孪晶共价材料的显微组织、制备方法和力学性能，介绍了纳米孪晶金属材料的强化机制和纳米孪晶共价材料的硬化机制，探讨了纳米孪晶材料力学行为研究的发展趋势。

关键词 ：纳米孪晶结构, 金属材料, 共价材料, 强化机理

Abstract：

Metallic and covalent materials are important structural materials. Traditional strategies for strengthening materials compromise their ductility and toughness. Recent experimental results show that twinning can simultaneously improve the strength (hardness) and toughness of copper and diamond; as the inverse relationship between the strength and toughness of materials is broken, this has become a hot research topic. By studying the strengthening mechanism of nanotwinned copper and diamond, methods to simultaneously improve strength and toughness may be found. Herein, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in the experimental and theoretical studies of nanotwinned metals and covalent materials. The microstructures, fabrication methods, and mechanical properties of nanotwinned metals and covalent materials are summarized. Further, the strengthening mechanism of nanotwinned metals and the hardening mechanism of covalent materials are introduced. Finally, the research trend on the mechanical behavior of nanotwinned materials is discussed in detail.

Key words： nanotwinned structure metallic material covalent material strengthening mechanism

收稿日期: 2021-07-16

ZTFLH:

O733

基金资助:国家杰出青年科学基金项目(51925105);国家自然科学基金项目(52090020)

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图1 说明孪晶几何的单位球示意图

图2 一些典型晶体的孪晶结构示意图(a) face-center cubic copper (b) diamond(c) asymmetric twin in cubic boron nitride (d) symmetric twin in cubic boron nitride

图3 孪晶材料中的共格孪晶界和非共格孪晶界示意图

图4 纳米孪晶Cu的屈服强度和塑性[18](a) variation of yield strength as a function of mean twin thickness for the nanotwinned copper samples (Scatter points are experimental values and different shapes represent the values from different groups, and lines are guide to the eyes. nt—nanotwinned, nc—nanocrystalline, σy—yield strength, λ—twin thickness, d—grain size)(b) uniaxial tensile true stress-true strain curves for nanotwinned copper samples tested at a strain rate of 6 × 10-3 s-1 (ufg—ultrafine-grained; cg—coarse-grained; the number after nt is twin thickness, unit is nm)

图5 纳米孪晶共价材料的力学性能[29,95](a) Vickers hardness as a function of average grain size (D) or λ for nanocrystalline cubic boron nitride (cBN) and diamond bulk materials[95](b) comparison of room-temperature mechanical properties of different diamond materials[29]

图6 纳米孪晶Cu的晶体结构以及滑移模式[49](a) a schematic nanotwinned copper microstructure consisting of submicron-sized grains containing parallel nanoscaled twin lamella (M—matrix, T—twin)(b) dislocation slip modes in nanotwinned copper, i.e., slip transfer mode, confined layer slip, twin-ning partial dislocation slip, and ITB migration (b—Burgers vector; b1, b2, b3—Burgers vectors for partial dislocation)

图7 纳米孪晶Cu的临界分切应力与孪晶厚度的关系[49](a) twin-thickness-dependent CRSS for hard modes I and II compared to experimental results (Insets show schematics for slip transfer (hard mode I) and confined layer slip (hard mode II), GB—grain boundary)(b) the activation energy of reaction between the dislocation and twin boundary (TB) as a function of shear stress (Inset is the schematic of the reaction between extended 1/2<110> dislocation and TB in hard mode I, τ—applied shear stress, SF—stacking fault)(c) twin thickness-dependent CRSS for soft modes I and II (Insets show schematics for partial dislocation slip mode (soft mode I) and ITB migration (soft mode II))(d) the stress dependent activation energies of reactions between 1/6<112> partial dislocations and GB in different slip planes (Inset is the schematics of the reaction between 1/6<112> partial dislocation and GB in soft mode I)

图8 纳米孪晶Cu屈服强度的计算结果与实验结果的对比[49](a) the fraction of yielded grains as a function of applied stress for representative nt-Cu samples with twin thicknesses of 5, 15, 40, and 100 nm. Yield strength of the sample is defined as the stress at which the fraction of yielded grains reaches 99% (Inset is the schematic for evaluating yield strength of nt-Cu using the Sachs model)(b) calculated yield strength as a function of twin thickness as compared with experimental results

图9 纳米孪晶金刚石的微结构和位错滑移模式示意图[51](a) a polycrystalline nt-diamond microstructure consists of subparallel nanoscale twin lamella embedded in submicrometer-sized grains (Grains have random orientations)(b) three dislocation slip modes in nt-diamond: slip transfer (slip mode I), confined layer slip (slip mode II), and paralleled to TB slip mode (slip mode III) (Tetrahedrons ABCD and ATBTCTDT represent the Burgers vectors of dislocations in the parent crystal and its twined counterpart, respectively. The partial dislocations are denoted by Roman-Greek pairs (such as Aδ, Cδ, Bδ, etc.))

图10 纳米孪晶金刚石中不同位错滑移模式下的临界分切应力[51](a) CRSS for the slip transfer and the confined layer slip mode (A dislocation pileup model is used for the slip transfer mode, and principles of virtual work are used for the confined layer slip mode. θ?angle between slip plane and twin plane, ΔWDis?increased dislocation energy)(b) CRSS for the slip parallel to the twin plane (Hall-Petch effect by decreasing grain size is used to evaluate CRSS for dislocation slip within the twin plane. The inset is the activation energy as a function of resolved shear stress for dislocation slip in the twin plane and slip in crystal's interior)

图11 纳米孪晶金刚石硬度的计算值与实验值对比[51](a) population of yielded grains as a function of uniaxial stress, based on the Sachs model, which is illustrated schematically in the inset (When the proportion of yielded grains reaches 90%, the corresponding uniaxial stress is defined as the yield stress. The curve is an example for an nt-diamond sample with twin thickness of 5 nm and grain size of 20 nm)(b) calculated hardness of nt-diamond as a function of twin thickness compared to experimental ones (The inset shows the proportion of yielded grain by different slip modes at grain size of 20 nm)

图12 分子动力学方法计算的纳米金刚石和纳米孪晶金刚石压缩强度对比[48](a) compressive strength of nc-diamond as a function of d (Maximum compressive strength is achieved with an average d of 8 nm)(b) compressive strength of nt-diamond as a function of λ (The continuously increasing strength with decreasing λ down to the minimum value 0.618 nm is noteworthy, the lines are guide to the eyes)

图13 纳米孪晶金刚石与纳米孪晶Cu不同的强化方式[48]

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