High Performance Steels: the Scenario of Theoryand Technology

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00058

Acta Metall Sin

2020, Vol. 56

Issue (4): 558-582 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00058

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High Performance Steels: the Scenario of Theoryand Technology

DONG Han^1,²(

),LIAN Xintong¹,HU Chundong¹,LU Hengchang¹,PENG Wei¹,ZHAO Hongshan¹,XU Dexiang¹

^1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
^2.Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China

Cite this article:

DONG Han,LIAN Xintong,HU Chundong,LU Hengchang,PENG Wei,ZHAO Hongshan,XU Dexiang. High Performance Steels: the Scenario of Theoryand Technology. Acta Metall Sin, 2020, 56(4): 558-582.

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Abstract

Strengthening and toughening are the main topics of steels, and accompanied fatigue failure and delayed fracture requiring to be solved simultaneously. Not just more than that, better performances in fabrication and service are quite important for an intentional steel to be used eventually. It is worth to pay close attention to match up three main courses: steel processing, component fabrication and service evaluation. Over past two decades, ferrite grains can be refined to micron scale in both plain low carbon steel products and microalloyed steel products and lead to remarkable increase of strength. The reason to define the limitation of ferrite grain refinement to microns is ductility decrease, low processing efficiency and heat affected zone (HAZ) coarsening. Ten years ago, a novel microstructure M³ (multiphase, metastable and multiscale) was proposed to overcome the problems stated above, and led to ductility and/or toughness improvement. It based on the idea of crack initiation and propagation retardment. It led to prevalence of the 3rd generation advanced high strength steel (AHSS) and the 3rd generation high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel, presenting higher ductility and/or toughness at high strength level. In the near future, it is imaginable that polymorphic alloying will be taken into consideration instead of recent hot issue on microstructure control during whole processing. From the view point of classic alloying theory, solution and precipitation of alloying elements play an important role on processing and then final microstructure. The distribution and occurrence of small atom radius elements (e.g. C and N) and comparable atom radius elements (e.g. Cr, Mn, Ni, Co) in iron seem quite clear. The ambiguous situation still remains for B and P, and even larger atom radius elements such as rare earth (RE) elements. Segregation of small amount of them to defects and boundaries maybe lead to decrease of energy and result in remarkable change of microstructure characterization. Thanks to the advancement in processing and instrumentation technologies, the distribution and occurrence of alloying elements in steel and the advantages of different alloying elements in steel matrix and surface can be taken, so called the polymorphic alloying. The practices of polymorphic alloying in steel development are engaged to improve corrosion resistance, strengthening and toughening. The performance enhancements are discussed in cases of weathering steel microalloyed with RE, ultrahigh strength steel strengthening by carbide and intermetallic precipitates, bolt steel with C and microalloying elements, austenitic stainless steel alloyed with N, and martensitic stainless steel alloyed with C and Ag.

Key words: steel high performance theory technology

Received: 21 February 2020

ZTFLH:

TG142

Fund: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0304401);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB-0304701);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M651465);Shanghai Educational Development Foundation(2019-01-07-00-09-E00024)

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	Han DONG
	Xintong LIAN
	Chundong HU
	Hengchang LU
	Wei PENG
	Hongshan ZHAO
	Dexiang XU

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00058 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2020/V56/I4/558

Table 1 Brief history of weathering steels in 20th century

Fig.1 Schematic progress for stable and protective rust layer formation on a weathering steelColor online

Fig.2 Schematic of the occurrence of rare earth elements in steel (RE—rare earth, G.B.—grain boundary)Color online

Fig.3 Corrosion morphologies after dry-wet cycle test for 144 h (a) and corrosion rate during immersion test (b)

Fig.4 AES spectra of Ce in 09CuPCrNiRE steel

Fig.5 Developments in strength of steel (R_m—tensile strength)

Fig.6 Strength and ductility of structural steel (A—elongation, K_IC—fracture toughness, Z—reduction of area)^{[17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]}Color online(a) A-R_m (b) K_IC-R_m (c) Z-R_m

Toughening mechanism	Toughening theory	Toughening nature	Ref.
Cleaning	$δ I C ~ X 0 R V R I \| R 0$	Increase crack nucleation energy	[42]
Refinement of precipitation	$K I C = n E 2 π λ$	Increase crack nucleation energy	[43]
Refinement of microstructure	$σ f c = 2 G γ k s d - 12$	Increase crack propagation energy	[43]
Retained austenite	$K I d = - 3 G b 2 1 - ν 2 π r s i n θ c o s (θ 2)$	Increase crack propagation energy	[43]

Table 2 Toughening mechanism in steels^[42,43]

Fig.7 Crack propagation in martensite and ferrite of 0.15C5Mn3Al steel (ND—normal direction, RD—rolling direction)^[45]

Fig.8 Delayed fracture (DF) and fatigue failure occur with the increase of strength (K_ISCC—critical stress intensity factor due to stress corrosion)

Fig.9 Carbide morphologies in 30Cr3Mo2V (a) and 25Cr2MoV (b) steels

Table 3 Various activation energies (E_a) of hydrogen trap in steels^[51,54]

Fig.10 Microstructure of A286 sample (a) and comparisons of mechanical property between A286 sample and imported A286 product after rupture test of 385 MPa and 100 h at 650 ℃ (b)

Table 4 Typical materials of heat resistant fasteners for aerospace industry

Table 5 Comparisons of non-quenched and tempered steels between China and Japan

Fig.11 Statistical distribution of tensile strength of key bolts

Fig.12 Microstructure obtained from online annealing of ZT35K-M steel

Fig.13 Ultimate tensile strength and total elongation of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels at ambient temperature^{[64,65,66,67,68,69,70]}Color online

Fig.14 Engineering stress-strain curves of cold rolled and solid solution treated 05Cr21Mn16Ni2N steel

Fig.15 Pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) of austenitic stainless steel varies with nitrogen contentsColor online

Fig.16 Optical density values of different high nitrogen contents steel and Ti alloy

Table 6 The proportion of the population to nickel allergy

Table 7 Technical innovation of aeroengine bearing steel^[89]

Fig.17 EDS map scanning of inclusion of 6Cr16MoNiV (a) and 6Cr16MoVAgRE^[93] (b) steelsColor online

Fig.18 Nyquist diagrams (a) and corrosion rates (b) of different high carbon contents martensitic stainless steels

Fig.19 The alloy element distributions of 6Cr16MoVAgRE steel by EPMA (CP—backscattered electron image, f—area fraction)Color online

Fig.20 SEM image of 6Cr16MoMA martensitic stainless steel (a) and the impact energies of different high carbon martensitic stainless steels after different austenitizing treatments (b) (MA—microalloying)

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