New Study and Development on Electromagnetic Field Technology in Metallurgical Processes

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00373

Acta Metall Sin

2020, Vol. 56

Issue (4): 583-600 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00373

Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

New Study and Development on Electromagnetic Field Technology in Metallurgical Processes

REN Zhongming^1,²(

),LEI Zuosheng^1,²,LI Chuanjun^1,²,XUAN Weidong^1,²,ZHONG Yunbo^1,²,LI Xi^1,²

^1.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
^2.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Cite this article:

REN Zhongming,LEI Zuosheng,LI Chuanjun,XUAN Weidong,ZHONG Yunbo,LI Xi. New Study and Development on Electromagnetic Field Technology in Metallurgical Processes. Acta Metall Sin, 2020, 56(4): 583-600.

Download:

HTML

PDF(11058KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Electromagnetic metallurgy technology is an essential method of high quality steel production. This article reviews the development of electromagnetic metallurgy technology in recent years, focusing on the whole process of continuous casting, including electromagnetic purification of steel in tundish, nozzle flow control, mould electromagnetic stirring and electromagnetic brake, flow field control via magnetic field, electromagnetic soft contact electromagnetic continuous casting, electromagnetic field regulation of solidification structure, solid phase transformation and microstructure control under electromagnetic field, the mechanism of electromagnetic field action is explained, the principle and characteristics of electromagnetic field technology are analyzed, and the concept of multi-mode magnetic field is proposed in the field of flow field control by using electromagnetic field to meet the requirements of complex states in high quality steel continuous casting. In the field of static magnetic field control solidification structure, a new principle of applying high thermal electromagnetic force is proposed, and it is presented that the development of electromagnetic metallurgy technology needs to combine the artificial intelligence of big data to play a better role.

Key words: electromagnetic field continuous casting purification solidification electromagnetic soft contact electromagnetic stirring electromagnetic brake

Received: 04 November 2019

ZTFLH:

TF19

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51690162);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51604172);National Science and Technology Major Project(2017-Ⅶ-0008-0102)

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	Articles by authors
	Zhongming REN
	Zuosheng LEI
	Chuanjun LI
	Weidong XUAN
	Yunbo ZHONG
	Xi LI

URL:

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00373 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2020/V56/I4/583

Fig.1 Schematic of the forces on the particle in the melt with imposing electromagnetic force^[3] (EMF—electromagnetic force, B—magnetic induction, J—current density)

Fig.2 The schematic diagram of removing the inclusions in the liquid metal under the electromagnetic force^[3]

Fig.3 Schematic drawing of the electromagnetic furification of liquid steel in the tundish

Fig.4 Influence of the rotation rate on the station time of liquid steel in the tundish

Fig.5 The reduction of oxygen (T[O]) in the liquid steel with the various electric currents

Fig.6 The schematic of magnetici field enhanced electroslug remelting^[8]

Table 1 The calculated result of influence of inducing heat and decreasing the interface heat transfer due to the electromagnetic field on the position of the starting point of solidification^[23]

Fig.7 Schematic of experimental apparatus of continuous casting under high frequency amplitude-modulated magnetic field (AMMF)

Fig.8 Influence of effect of electromagnetic brake (EMBR) on velocity distribution in mold^[39]Color online(a) without EMBR (b) with EMBR

Fig.9 Research process of electromagnetic controlling of flow in continuous casting mold (SEN—submerged entry nozzle, EMS—electromagnetic stirring)Color online(a) physical experience (b) mathematical simulation (c) flow field evaluation

Fig.10 Schematics of the functions of the experimental equipments for continuous casting (CC) of steelColor online

Fig.11 The segregation of carbon in bearing steel billet with electromagnetic (EM) stirring in mold during continuous casting (CC)Color online

Fig.12 The DTA results of pure Al (a) and Bi (b) at the cooling rate of -5 ℃/min in various magnetic fields, respectively^[52,53] (T_n—nucleation temperature)Color online

Fig.13 The microstructures of the Ni-based superalloy at the seed melt-back zone^[54]Color online(a, c) longitudinal microstructures near melt-back interface without and with an 8 T magnetic field, respectively(b, d) corresponding EBSD orientation image maps and inverse pole figures of regions A and B, respectively

Fig.14 The microstructures of the Ni-based superalloy at the cross-section change region of the specimen^[55]Color online(a, c) longitudinal microstructures near cross-section change regions without and with a 12 T magnetic field, respectively(b, d) the corresponding EBSD orientation image maps and inverse pole figures of regions A and B, respectively

Fig.15 Cr content for radial profiles in the solid at 15 mm from the solid/liquid interface fabricated under the temperature gradient of 104 K/cm and at the pulling rate of 5 μm/s without and with the 4 T longitudinal static magnetic field^[74]Color online

Fig.16 CET map for the GCr15 bearing steel during directional solidification without and with the longitudinal static magnetic field (CET—columnar to equiaxed transition)

Fig.17 The volumn fraction (VF) of the shrinkage porosity near the final stage of solidification of GCr18Mo steel specimen at different temperature gradient (G) (a) and growth speed (V) (b) without and with 4 T axial static magnetic field (ASMF)^[76]Color online

[1]	Asai S. Recent development and prospect of electromagnetic processing of materials [J]. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 2000, 1: 191
[2]	Li X, Ren Z M. Thermoelectric magnetic effect and its effect on the solidification structure under static magnetic fields [J]. Mater. China, 2014, 33: 349
[2]	李喜, 任忠鸣. 静磁场下热电磁效应及其对凝固组织的影响 [J]. 中国材料进展, 2014, 33: 349
[3]	Zhong Y B. Metalloid particles' migration in molten metals in an electromagnetic forec field and it's application [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai University, 2000
[3]	钟云波. 电磁力场作用下液态金属中非金属颗粒迁移规律及其应用研究 [D]. 上海: 上海大学, 2000
[4]	Leenov D, Kolin A. Theory of electromagnetophoresis. I. Magnetohydrodynamic forces experienced by spherical and symmetrically oriented cylindrical particles [J]. J. Chem. Phys., 1954, 22: 683
[5]	Zhong Y B, Ren Z M, Deng K, et al. Continuously purifying experiment of aluminum base alloy melt by travelling magnetic field [J]. Chin. J. Nonferrous Met., 2001, 11(2): 167
[5]	钟云波, 任忠鸣, 邓康等. 行波磁场连续净化铝合金液实验 [J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2001, 11(2): 167
[6]	Wang Y, Zhong Y B, Ren Z M, et al. Numerical simulation of molten steel flow in centrifugal flow tundish [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2008, 44: 1203
[6]	王赟, 钟云波, 任忠鸣等. 离心中间包内钢液流动的数值模拟 [J]. 金属学报, 2008, 44: 1203
[7]	Wang Y, Zhong Y B, Wang B J, et al. Numerical and experimental analysis of flow phenomenon in centrifugal flow tundish [J]. ISIJ Int., 2009, 49: 1542
[8]	Zhong Y B, Li Q, Fang Y P, et al. Effect of transverse static magnetic field on microstructure and properties of GCr15 bearing steel in electroslag continuous casting process [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A660: 118
[9]	Wang H, Zhong Y B, Li Q, et al. Influences of the transverse static magnetic field on the droplet evolution behaviors during the low frequency electroslag remelting process [J]. ISIJ Int., 2017, 57: 2157
[10]	He J C, Marukawa K, Wang Q. Ladle with steel heating and tapping set and its tapping method [P]. Chin Pat, 200610045875.9, 2008
[10]	赫冀成, 丸川熊净, 王强. 一种带有加热出钢装置的钢包及其出钢方法 [P]. 中国专利, 200610045875.9, 2008)
[11]	Li D J, Wang Q, Liu X A, et al. A new steel teeming technology by using electromagnetic induction heating system in ladle [J]. J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2012, 19: 766
[12]	Jia H H, Yu Z, Lei Z S, et al. Water modelling on the effect of swirling flow nozzle on flow field in continuous casting mold of billet [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2008, 44: 375
[12]	贾洪海, 于湛, 雷作胜等. 旋流水口对小方坯连铸结晶器流场影响的水模拟 [J]. 金属学报, 2008, 44: 375
[13]	Li D W, Su Z J, Marukawa K, et al. Suppression of effect of uneven velocity in submerged entry nozzle in round billet continuous casting process using electromagnetic swirling flow [J]. J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2012, 19(Suppl.1): 906
[14]	Su Z J, Li D W, Marukawa K, et al. Effect of electromagnetic swirling flow in immersion nozzle on round continuous casting process of steel [J]. Contin. Cast., 2011(Suppl.1): 183
[14]	苏志坚, 李德伟, 丸川雄净等. 电磁旋流水口在钢圆坯连铸中的作用 [J]. 连铸, 2011(增刊1): 183
[15]	Li T J, Sassa K, Asai S. Surface quality improvement of continuously cast metals by imposing intermittent high frequency magnetic field and synchronizing the field with mold oscillation [J]. ISIJ Int., 1996, 36: 410
[16]	Getselev Z N. Casting in an electromagnetic field [J]. JOM, 1971, 23(10): 3
[17]	Vivès C. Electromagnetic refining of aluminum alloys by the CREM process: Part I. Working principle and metallurgical results [J]. Metall. Trans., 1989, 20B: 623
[18]	Moreshita M, Ayata K, Koyama S, et al. Magnetohydrodynamics in Process Metallurgy [M]. San Diego: TMS, 1992: 267
[19]	Jin B G, Wang Q, Liu Y, et al. Electromagnetic field distribution in two-section slitless mold for soft contact electromagnetic continuous casting [J]. ISIJ int., 2009, 49: 44
[20]	Ren Z M, Deng K, Zhou Y M, et al. Soft contact electromagnetic continuous casting mold [P]. Chin Pat, 96222452.9, 1996
[20]	任忠鸣, 邓康, 周月明等. 软接触电磁连铸结晶器 [P]. 中国专利: 96222452.9, 1996)
[21]	Dong H F, Ren Z M, Zhong Y B, et al. Homogenization of the magnetic field in soft contact electromagnetic continuous casting [J]. J. Iron Steel Res., 1998, 10(2): 5
[21]	董华锋, 任忠明, 钟云波等. 软接触结晶器电磁连铸中磁场的均匀化 [J]. 钢铁研究学报, 1998, 10(2): 5
[22]	Toh T, Takeuchi E, Hojo M, et al. Electromagnetic control of initial solidification in continuous casting of steel by low frequency alternating magnetic field [J]. ISIJ Int., 1997, 37: 1112
[23]	Ren Z M, Dong H F, Deng K, et al. Influence of high frequency electromagnetic field on the initial solidification during electromagnetic continuous casting [J]. ISIJ Int., 2001, 41: 981
[24]	Lei Z S, Ren Z M, Deng K, et al. Amplitude-modulated magnetic field coupled with mold oscillation in electromagnetic continuous casting [J]. ISIJ. Int, 2006, 46: 680
[25]	Lei Z S, Ren Z M, Yan Y G, et al. Mold flux channel dynamic pressure in electromagnetic continuous casting [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2004, 40: 546
[25]	雷作胜, 任忠鸣, 阎勇刚等. 软接触结晶器电磁连铸保护渣道的动态压力 [J]. 金属学报, 2004, 40: 564
[26]	Sumi I, Shimizu H, Nishioka S, et al. Initial solidification control of continuous casting using electromagnetic oscillation method [J]. ISIJ Int., 2003, 43: 807
[27]	Fujisaki K. Magnetohydrodynamic stability in pulse electromagnetic casting [J]. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2003, 39: 1442
[28]	Su Z J, Iwai K, Asai S. Characteristics of liquid metal motion driven by quasi-sinusoidal magnetic fields [J]. ISIJ. Int., 1999, 39: 1224
[29]	Zhang Z F, Li T J, Jin J Z. Thermal simulation on meniscus motion in the continuous casting with multi-electromagnetic field [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2001, 37: 975
[29]	张志峰, 李廷举, 金俊泽. 复合电磁场作用下连铸金属液弯月面运动规律的热模拟研究 [J]. 金属学报, 2001, 37: 975
[30]	Lei Z S, Ren Z M, Deng K, et al. Experimental study on mould oscillation-less continuous casting process under high frequency amplitude-modulated magnetic field [J]. ISIJ. Int., 2004, 44: 1142
[31]	Hou X G, Wang E G, Zhang Y J, et al. Industrial application of stainless steel soft-contacting electromagnetic continuous casting [J]. Iron Steel, 2015, 50(11): 45
[31]	侯晓光, 王恩刚, 张永杰等. 不锈钢软接触电磁连铸的工业试验 [J]. 钢铁, 2015, 50(11): 45
[32]	Najjar F M, Thomas B G, Hershey D E. Numerical study of steady turbulent flow through bifurcated nozzles in continuous casting [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 1995, 26B: 749
[33]	Calderón-Ramos I, Morales R D, Salazar-Campoy M. Modeling flow turbulence in a continuous casting slab mold comparing the use of two bifurcated nozzles with square and circular ports [J]. Steel Res. Int., 2015, 86: 1610
[34]	Timmel K, Eckert S, Gerbeth G. Experimental investigation of the flow in a continuous-casting mold under the influence of a transverse, direct current magnetic field [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2011, 42B: 68
[35]	Ha M Y, Lee H G, Seong S H. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow, heat transfer, and solidification of steel in continuous casting mold with electromagnetic brake [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 133: 322
[36]	Yu H Q, Zhu M Y. Numerical simulation of the effects of electromagnetic brake and argon gas injection on the three-dimensional multiphase flow and heat transfer in slab continuous casting mold [J]. ISIJ Int., 2008, 48: 584
[37]	Li B K, Tsukihashi F. Numerical estimation of the effect of the magnetic field application on the motion of inclusion in continuous casting of steel [J]. ISIJ Int., 2003, 43: 923
[38]	Yu Z, Zhang Z Q, Ren Z M, et al. Study on the fluid flow in slab continuous casting mold with electromagnetic brake [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2010, 46: 1275
[38]	于湛, 张振强, 任忠鸣等. 板坯电磁制动结晶器内流体流动的研究 [J]. 金属学报, 2010, 46: 1275
[39]	Jia H, Zhang Z Q, Chang T X, et al. Influence of EMBR on flow field of molten steel in a continuous casting slab mold [J]. Chin. J. Process Eng., 2012, 12: 550
[39]	贾皓, 张振强, 常同旭等. 板坯连铸中电磁制动方式对结晶器中钢液流场的影响 [J]. 过程工程学报, 2012, 12: 550
[40]	Zhang Z Q. Physical simulation on liquid metal flow in mold of slab continuous casting with variors electromagnetic brakers [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai University, 2012
[40]	张振强. 几种电磁制动下板坯连铸结晶器内钢液流场物理模拟研究 [D]. 上海: 上海大学, 2012
[41]	Zhou R, Fan Y F, Deng K, et al. Analysis of liquid metal flow with electromagnetic braking in continuous casting of slab by three-dimensional simulation [J]. J. Shanghai Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2016, 22: 701
[41]	周然, 樊亚夫, 邓康等. 电磁制动下板坯连铸结晶器内金属流场三维模拟的基本流态与主流场分析 [J]. 上海大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 22: 701
[42]	Tzavaras A A, Brody H D. Electromagnetic stirring and continuous casting-Achievements, problems, and goals [J]. JOM, 1984, 36(3): 31
[43]	Fujisaki K. In-mold electromagnetic stirring in continuous casting [J]. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2001, 37: 1098
[44]	Trindade L B, Nadalon J E A, Contini A C, et al. Modeling of solidification in continuous casting round billet with mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) [J]. Steel Res. Int., 2017, 88: 1600319
[45]	Yin Y B, Zhang J M, Lei S W, et al. Numerical study on the capture of large inclusion in slab continuous casting with the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring [J]. ISIJ Int., 2017, 57: 2165
[46]	Okazawa K, Toh T, Fukuda J, et al. Fluid flow in a continuous casting mold driven by linear induction motors [J]. ISIJ Int., 2001, 41: 851
[47]	Toh T, Hasegawa H, Harada H. Evaluation of multiphase phenomena in mold pool under in-mold electromagnetic stirring in steel continuous casting [J]. ISIJ Int., 2001, 41: 1245
[48]	Sun X H, Li B, Lu H B, et al. Steel/slag interface behavior under multifunction electromagnetic driving in a continuous casting slab mold [J]. Metals, 2019, 9: 983
[49]	Jiang D Q, Wang R, Zhu L Q, et al. Thermal and numerical simulation of mould electromagnetic stirring of GCr15 bearing steel [J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35: 2173
[50]	Saxena R C, Tandon J N, Talwar S P. Thermo-magnetic effects in liquids [J]. Nature, 1960, 185: 158
[51]	Ren Z M, Li X, Sun Y H, et al. Influence of high magnetic field on peritectic transformation during solidification of Bi-Mn alloy [J]. Calphad, 2006, 30: 277
[52]	Li C J, Yang H, Ren Z M, et al. On nucleation temperature of pure aluminum in magnetic fields [J]. Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett., 2010, 15: 45
[53]	Li C J, Ren Z M, Ren W L. Effect of magnetic fields on solid-melt phase transformation in pure bismuth [J]. Mater. Lett., 2009, 63: 269
[54]	Xuan W D, Liu H, Li C J, et al. Effect of a high magnetic field on microstructures of Ni-based single crystal superalloy during seed melt-back [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2016, 47B: 828
[55]	Xuan W D, Ren Z M, Li C J. Experimental evidence of the effect of a high magnetic field on the stray grains formation in cross-section change region for Ni-based superalloy during directional solidification [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2015, 46A: 1461
[56]	Shercliff J A. Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics [J]. J. Fluid Mech., 1979, 91: 231
[57]	Gel'Fgat Y M, Gorbunov L A. An additional source of forced convection in semiconductor melts during single-crystal growth in magnetic fields [J]. Soviet Phys. -Doklady, 1989, 34: 470
[58]	Khine Y Y, Walker J S. Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic effects during Bridgman semiconductor crystal growth with a uniform axial magnetic field [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1998, 183: 150
[59]	Moreau R, Laskar O, Tanaka M, et al. Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic effects on solidification of metallic alloys in the dendritic regime [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1993, A173: 93
[60]	Tewari S N, Shah R. Macrosegregation during dendritic arrayed growth of hypoeutectic Pb-Sn alloys: Influence of primary arm spacing and mushy zone length [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 1996, 27A: 1353
[61]	Lehmann P, Moreau R, Camel D, et al. Monitoring solidification of an alloy by thermoelectric effects: Results of the MEPHISTO-USMP1 flight experiment [J]. J. Cryst. Growth, 1998, 187: 527
[62]	Lehmann P, Moreau R, Camel D, et al. Modification of interdendritic convection in directional solidification by a uniform magnetic field [J]. Acta Mater., 1998, 46: 4067
[63]	Li X, Du D F, Gagnoud A, et al. Effect of multi-scale thermoelectric magnetic convection on solidification microstructure in directionally solidified Al-Si alloys under a transverse magnetic field [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2014, 45A: 5584
[64]	Li X, Gagnoud A, Ren Z M, et al. Investigation of thermoelectric magnetic convection and its effect on solidification structure during directional solidification under a low axial magnetic field [J]. Acta Mater., 2009, 57: 2180
[65]	Li X, Gagnoud A, Ren Z M, et al. Effect of strong magnetic field on solid solubility and microsegregation during directional solidification of Al-Cu alloy [J]. J. Mater. Res., 2013, 28: 2810
[66]	Li X, Fautrelle Y, Ren Z M. Influence of thermoelectric effects on the solid-liquid interface shape and cellular morphology in the mushy zone during the directional solidification of Al-Cu alloys under a magnetic field [J]. Acta Mater., 2007, 55: 3803
[67]	Mangelinck-No?l N, Nguyen-Thi H, Reinhart G, et al. In situ analysis of equiaxed growth of aluminium-nickel alloys by X-ray radiography at ESRF [J]. J. Phys., 2005, 38D: 28
[68]	Liu D R, Mangelinck-No?l N, Gandin C A, et al. Structures in directionally solidified Al-7wt.%Si alloys: Benchmark experiments under microgravity [J]. Acta Mater., 2014, 64: 253
[69]	Spittle J A. Columnar to equiaxed grain transition in as solidified alloys [J]. Int. Mater. Rev., 2006, 51: 247
[70]	Li X, Gagnoud A, Fautrelle Y, et al. Dendrite fragmentation and columnar-to-equiaxed transition during directional solidification at lower growth speed under a strong magnetic field [J]. Acta Mater., 2012, 60: 3321
[71]	Li X, Gagnoud A, Fautrelle Y, et al. Effect of a transverse magnetic field on solidification structures in unmodified and Sr-modified Al-7wtpctSi alloys during directional solidification [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2016, 47A: 1198
[72]	Wang J. Study on influence of interaction between thermoelectric currens and magnetic field during directional solidification of binary alloy [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai University, 2014
[72]	王江. 二元合金定向凝固中内生热电流与外加磁场交互作用的研究 [D]. 上海: 上海大学, 2014
[73]	Wang J, Fautrelle Y, Ren Z M, et al. Thermoelectric magnetic force acting on the solid during directional solidification under a static magnetic field [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012, 101: 251904
[74]	Hou Y, Ren Z M, Wang J, et al. Effect of longitudinal static magnetic field on the columnar to equiaxed transition in directionally solidified GCr15 bearing steel [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2018, 54: 801
[74]	侯渊, 任忠鸣, 王江等. 纵向静磁场对定向凝固GCr15轴承钢柱状晶向等轴晶转变的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54: 801
[75]	Hou Y, Ren Z M, Zhang Z Q, et al. Columnar to equiaxed transition during directionally solidifying GCr18Mo steel affected by thermoelectric magnetic force under an axial static magnetic field [J]. ISIJ Int., 2019, 59: 60
[76]	Hou Y, Shuai S S, Dong Y H, et al. Effect of thermoelectric magnetic convection on shrinkage porosity at the final stage of solidification of GCr18Mo steel under axial static magnetic field [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2019, 50B: 881
[77]	Sadovskii V D, Rodigin N M, Smirnov L V. The question of the influence of magnetic field on martensitic transformation in steel [J]. Phys. Met. Metall., 1961, 12: 131
[78]	Satyanarayan K R, Eliasz W, Miodownik A P. The effect of a magnetic field on the martensite transformation in steels [J]. Acta Metall., 1968, 16: 877
[79]	Joo H D, Kim S U, Shin N S, et al. An effect of high magnetic field on phase transformation in Fe-C system [J]. Mater. Lett., 2000, 43: 225
[80]	Youdelis W V, Colton D R, Cahoon J. On the theory of diffusion in a magnetic field [J]. Can. J. Phys., 1964, 42: 2217
[81]	Yuan Z J, Ren Z M, Li C J, et al. Effect of high magnetic field on diffusion behavior of aluminum in Ni-Al alloy [J]. Mater. Lett., 2013, 108: 340
[82]	Li C J, Yuan Z J, Guo R, et al. Reaction diffusion in Ni-Al diffusion couples in steady magnetic fields [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 641: 7
[83]	Li C J, He S Y, Fan Y F, et al. Enhanced diffusivity in Ni-Al system by alternating magnetic field [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2017, 110: 074102
[84]	Li C J, He S Y, Engelhardt H, et al. Alternating-magnetic-field induced enhancement of diffusivity in Ni-Cr alloys [J]. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 18085
[85]	Maruta K I, Shimotomai M. Alignment of two-phase structures in Fe-C alloys by application of magnetic field [J]. Mater. Trans. JIM, 2000, 41: 902
[86]	Zhang Y D, Gey N, He C S, et al. High temperature tempering behaviors in a structural steel under high magnetic field [J]. Acta Mater., 2004, 52: 3467
[87]	Zhang Y D, Zhao X, Bozzolo N, et al. Low temperature tempering of a medium carbon steel in high magnetic field [J]. ISIJ Int., 2005, 45: 913
[88]	He C S, Zhang Y D, Zhao X, et al. Effects of a high magnetic field on microstructure and texture evolution in a cold-rolled interstitial-free (IF) steel sheet during annealing [J]. Adv. Eng. Mater., 2003, 5: 579
[89]	Zhang Y D, Esling C, Muller J, et al. Magnetic-field-induced grain elongation in a medium carbon steel during its austenitic decomposition [J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005, 87: 212504
[90]	Li C J, Seyring M, Li X, et al. Effect of heat treatment combined with an alternating magnetic field on microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ni-based superalloy [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2019, 50A: 1837
[91]	Ren W L, Ren Z M, Fang S, et al. Effect of high-magnetic-field ageing treatment on the microstructure and hardness of DZ417G superalloy [J]. J. Iron Steel Res., 2011, 23(Suppl.2): 419
[91]	任维丽, 任忠明, 房双等. 强磁场下时效热处理对高温合金DZ417G 组织和硬度的影响 [J]. 钢铁研究学报, 2011, 23(增刊2): 419
[92]	Li C J, Yuan Z J, Fan Y F, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ni-based superalloy after heat treatment in a steady magnetic field [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 246: 176
[93]	Ren X, Chen G Q, Zhou W L, et al. Effect of a high magnetic field on the shape of the γ' precipitates in cast nickel-based superalloy K52 [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 25: 379
[94]	Molodov D A, Gottstein G, Heringhaus F, et al. Motion of planar grain boundaries in bismuthbicrystals driven by a magnetic field [J]. Scr. Mater., 1997, 37: 1207
[95]	Sheikh-ali A D, Molodov D A, Garmestani H. Migration and reorientation of grain boundaries in Zn bicrystals during annealing in a high magnetic field [J]. Scr. Mater., 2003, 48: 483
[96]	Zhang Y D, Vincent G, Dewobroto N, et al. The effects of thermal processing in a magnetic field on grain boundary characters of ferrite in a medium carbon steel [J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2005, 40: 903
[97]	Liu X T, Cui J Z, Wang E G, et al. Influence of a low-frequency electromagnetic field on precipitation behavior of a high strength aluminum alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2005, A402: 1
[98]	Li C X, Yu Y D. The effect of solution heat treatments on the microstructure and hardness of ZK60 magnesium alloys prepared under low-frequency alternating magnetic fields [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2013, A559: 22
[99]	Xuan W D, Du L F, Han Y, et al. Investigation on microstructure and creep properties of nickel based single crystal superalloys PWA1483 during heat treatment under an alternating magnetic field [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, A762: 138087
[100]	Oliker V E, Gridasova T Y, Timofeeva I I, et al. Effect of magnetic treatment on the microstructure and abrasive resistance of WC-Co detonation-sprayed coatings [J]. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 2012, 51: 345
[101]	Oliker V, Podrezov Y N, Yarmatov I, et al. Effect of magnetic treatment on the microstructure and strength of WC-Co detonation-sprayed coatings [J]. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 2012, 51: 485
[102]	Liu Y Z, Zhan L H, Ma Q Q, et al. Effects of alternating magnetic field aged on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA2219 aluminum alloy [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 647: 644

[1]	MA Dexin, ZHAO Yunxing, XU Weitai, WANG Fu. Effect of Gravity on Directionally Solidified Structure of Superalloys[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(9): 1279-1290.
[2]	ZHANG Jian, WANG Li, XIE Guang, WANG Dong, SHEN Jian, LU Yuzhang, HUANG Yaqi, LI Yawei. Recent Progress in Research and Development of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloys[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(9): 1109-1124.
[3]	LIU Jihao, ZHOU Jian, WU Huibin, MA Dangshen, XU Huixia, MA Zhijun. Segregation and Solidification Mechanism in Spray-Formed M3 High-Speed Steel[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(5): 599-610.
[4]	HOU Juan, DAI Binbin, MIN Shiling, LIU Hui, JIANG Menglei, YANG Fan. Influence of Size Design on Microstructure and Properties of 304L Stainless Steel by Selective Laser Melting[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(5): 623-635.
[5]	SU Zhenqi, ZHANG Congjiang, YUAN Xiaotan, HU Xingjin, LU Keke, REN Weili, DING Biao, ZHENG Tianxiang, SHEN Zhe, ZHONG Yunbo, WANG Hui, WANG Qiuliang. Formation and Evolution of Stray Grains on Remelted Interface in the Seed Crystal During the Directional Solidification of Single-Crystal Superalloys Assisted by Vertical Static Magnetic Field[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(12): 1568-1580.
[6]	PENG Zhiqiang, LIU Qian, GUO Dongwei, ZENG Zihang, CAO Jianghai, HOU Zibing. Independent Change Law of Mold Heat Transfer in Continuous Casting Based on Big Data Mining[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(10): 1389-1400.
[7]	LIANG Chen, WANG Xiaojuan, WANG Haipeng. Formation Mechanism of B2 Phase and Micro-Mechanical Property of Rapidly Solidified Ti-Al-Nb Alloy[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(9): 1169-1178.
[8]	LI Shanshan, CHEN Yun, GONG Tongzhao, CHEN Xingqiu, FU Paixian, LI Dianzhong. Effect of Cooling Rate on the Precipitation Mechanism of Primary Carbide During Solidification in High Carbon-Chromium Bearing Steel[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(8): 1024-1034.
[9]	LI Yanqiang, ZHAO Jiuzhou, JIANG Hongxiang, HE Jie. Microstructure Formation in Directionally Solidified Pb-Al Alloy[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(8): 1072-1082.
[10]	GUO Dongwei, GUO Kunhui, ZHANG Fuli, ZHANG Fei, CAO Jianghai, HOU Zibing. A New Method for CET Position Determination of Continuous Casting Billet Based on the Variation Characteristics of Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(6): 827-836.
[11]	WU Guohua, TONG Xin, JIANG Rui, DING Wenjiang. Grain Refinement of As-Cast Mg-RE Alloys: Research Progress and Future Prospect[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(4): 385-399.
[12]	DING Zongye, HU Qiaodan, LU Wenquan, LI Jianguo. In Situ Study on the Nucleation, Growth Evolution, and Motion Behavior of Hydrogen Bubbles at the Liquid/ Solid Bimetal Interface by Using Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Imaging Technology[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(4): 567-580.
[13]	ZHANG Lei, SHI Tao, HUANG Huogen, ZHANG Pei, ZHANG Pengguo, WU Min, FA Tao. Phase Separation and Solidification Sequence of Uranium-Based Amorphous Composites[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(2): 225-230.
[14]	LIU Zhongqiu, LI Baokuan, XIAO Lijun, GAN Yong. Modeling Progress of High-Temperature Melt Multiphase Flow in Continuous Casting Mold[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(10): 1236-1252.
[15]	CHEN Ruirun, CHEN Dezhi, WANG Qi, WANG Shu, ZHOU Zhecheng, DING Hongsheng, FU Hengzhi. Research Progress on Nb-Si Base Ultrahigh Temperature Alloys and Directional Solidification Technology[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(9): 1141-1154.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed