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Acta Metall Sin  2021, Vol. 57 Issue (9): 1141-1154    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00163
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Research Progress on Nb-Si Base Ultrahigh Temperature Alloys and Directional Solidification Technology
CHEN Ruirun1,2(), CHEN Dezhi1, WANG Qi1(), WANG Shu1, ZHOU Zhecheng1, DING Hongsheng1,2, FU Hengzhi1,2
1.National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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CHEN Ruirun, CHEN Dezhi, WANG Qi, WANG Shu, ZHOU Zhecheng, DING Hongsheng, FU Hengzhi. Research Progress on Nb-Si Base Ultrahigh Temperature Alloys and Directional Solidification Technology. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(9): 1141-1154.

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Abstract  

The Nb-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloys with low density and high melting point is one of the candidate materials for the hot components of next-generation aero-engines. The insufficient of the Nb-Si based ultrahigh temperature alloy at 270-280 K is the bottleneck for its industrial application. Alloying and directional solidification are considered as effective methods for improving the room-temperature fracture toughness. The research progress of the two methods for the Nb-Si-based ultrahigh temperature materials are reviewed herein. In the aspect of alloying, the toughening of the Niobium solid solution (Nbss) phase is mainly conducted by dislocation toughening and phase transformation toughening. The high-temperature performance of the silicide (Nb5Si3) phase can be improved by solid-solution strengthening and phase transformation, and the silicide phase would tend to grow in a near “Y” shape. The interface between the Nbss and silicide phases could be modified. In conclusion, Ti, HF, Zr, B, and Mg can improve the room-temperature fracture toughness of Nb-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloys. The methods and characteristics of the directional solidification of Nb-Si materials are introduced. Herein, the effects of different processing parameters on the phase composition, microstructure morphology, room-temperature fracture toughness, and high-temperature strength of Nb-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloys are summarized. The microstructure evolution and mechanical property strengthening mechanism during directional solidification are reviewed. The well-coupled Nbss/Nb5Si3 unidirectional growing eutectic structure can be obtained by controlling the process. In this condition, the room-temperature fracture toughness could be improved by reducing the Nbss phase thickness and increasing the eutectic structure continuity. The future development of Nb-Si alloying and directional solidification is prospected.
Key words:  Nb-Si alloy      ultrahigh temperature material      alloying      directional solidification      fracture toughness     
Received:  14 April 2021     
ZTFLH:  TG146.4  
Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51825401)
About author:  WANG Qi, Tel: (0451)86412394, E-mail: wangqi_hit@hit.edu.cn
CHEN Ruirun, professor, Tel: (0451)86412394, E-mail: chenruirun@163.com
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Ruirun CHEN
Dezhi CHEN
Qi WANG
Shu WANG
Zhecheng ZHOU
Hongsheng DING
Hengzhi FU

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00163     OR     https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2021/V57/I9/1141

Fig.1  Schematic of the jet engine
Fig.2  Phase diagram of Nb-Si binary system[21]
ElementAdvantageDisadvantage
Ti[29,32]The room temperature fracture toughness isThe melting point of the alloy is reduced; Reduce high
improved (> 10%, atomic fraction); Promotetemperature creep
the precipitation of eutectic structure
Zr[36,37,40]The fracture toughness at room temperature isReduce melting point of alloy
improved and the decomposition of inert phase is
promoted; Increase the proportion of ductile phase
Ni[36]Promote the decomposition of inert phaseReduce melting point of alloy
Cr[42]Solution strengthening increases hardness andReduce melting point of alloy; Precipitate Cr2Nb
strengthphase, which reduces the room temperature fracture
toughness (more than 6%, atomic fraction)
Si[34,41,47]Increase the content of silicide phase to improveReducing room temperature, plasticity, and fracture
high temperature performancetoughness
Hf[35,50,51]Increase high temperature strength and oxidationHigh cost
resistance; The eutectic structure is reduced and
the room temperature fracture toughness is
improved
Ta[53,54]The room temperature fracture toughness isHigh cost
improved; Improve high temperature performance
W[54]Improve high temperature performanceReduce room temperature fracture toughness
Mg[55]Passivated silicide phase-
B[57,58]Improve high temperature performance;Reduce antioxidant activity (more than 6%, atomic
Increase the atom binding force of silicidefraction)
Mo[33,61]Promote the decomposition of inert phase;Large excess addition reduces room temperature
Improve high temperature strengthfracture toughness
Rare-earth[60,62]The room temperature fracture toughness isHigh cost
improved; Improve ductility
Table 1  The effects of alloying elements on Nb-Si alloys[29,32-37,40-42,47,50,51,53-55,57,58,60-62]
Fig.3  HRTEM image for Nbss/γ-Nb5Si3 interface[65]
Fig.4  Calculated Peierls-Nabarro stress (τP-N) of α-Nb5Si3 and alloyed α-Nb5Si3 (x—doping element content, atomic fraction, %)[70]
DirectionalAdvantageDisadvantage
solidification method
OFZNo crucible pollution; The requirement forThe preparation pattern is too small; It is difficult
vacuum is relatively lowto control the growth rate accurately
EBDSRestricted by its own gravity and surface tension;The sample is simple in shape and small in size;
The prepared sample has no crucible pollutionIt needs high vacuum and elements are easy to
volatilize
IDSConvection at the solid-liquid interface is small;Impurity is introduced into the ceramic crucible;
The fracture toughness is high at roomThe temperature gradient is small
temperature
C-DSIt is protected by metal condensation shell;The melt decreases; The growth rate is difficult
No crucible pollutionto control
ECCDSLarge size ingot with no pollution; HighThere is lateral heat dissipation
temperature gradient is prepared
Table 2  The advantages and disadvantages of five different directional solidification methods
Fig.5  SEM images of the microstructures on both transverse (a-d) and longitudinal (e-h) sections of the Nb-Ti-Si base ultrahigh temperature alloy integrally directionally solidified at withdrawal rates of 2.5 μm/s (a, e), 10 μm/s (b, f), 50 μm/s (c, g), and 100 μm/s (d, h)[83]
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