Progress in Hot Isostatic Pressing Technology ofTitanium Alloy Powder

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00360

Acta Metall Sin

2018, Vol. 54

Issue (11): 1537-1552 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00360

Materials and Processes

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Progress in Hot Isostatic Pressing Technology ofTitanium Alloy Powder

Lei XU(

), Ruipeng GUO, Jie WU, Zhengguan LU, Rui YANG

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

Lei XU, Ruipeng GUO, Jie WU, Zhengguan LU, Rui YANG. Progress in Hot Isostatic Pressing Technology ofTitanium Alloy Powder. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(11): 1537-1552.

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Abstract

The research status and application of powder metallurgy (PM) titanium alloys in connection with near net shape forming technology using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) are reviewed in this paper. A brief summary of historic developments with production of clean prealloyed powder and the use of computer simulation techniques in powder densification as important milestones is presented first. The bulk of the paper is concerned with progress made in the last 15 years, especially in the last decade, citing examples from the authors' group. Four types of alloys are covered: a cryogenic titanium alloy, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn with extra-low interstitial (ELI), which is used to make impeller for hydrogen pump of rocket engine, a high temperature titanium alloy Ti55, which is intended for long term service at 550 ℃ in engine applications, and two Ti-Al based intermetallic compounds including both γ-TiAl and an orthorhombic alloy based on Ti₂AlNb. Comparisons in mechanical property were made between the PM alloys and their wrought and cast versions wherever possible. Key issues influencing densification, such as powder size segregation and gas pores in large powders, variation in powder surface oxygen content with powder store time, oxygen layer on γ-TiAl powder surface due to abnormally high fraction of the α₂-Ti₃Al phase as a result of rapid solidification of the powder, were discussed. The final section is dedicated to finite element modelling of powder densification, taking into account such factors as tooling design and stress shielding effect during HIPing. Future research directions are suggested in the summary section.

Key words: titanium alloy powder metallurgy hydrogen pump impeller hot isostatic pressing near net shape forming

Received: 01 August 2018

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	Lei XU
	Ruipeng GUO
	Jie WU
	Zhengguan LU
	Rui YANG

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00360 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2018/V54/I11/1537

Fig.1 Schematics of the processes for producing prealloyed Ti powders
(a) gas atomization (GA) (b) plasma rotating electrode process (PREP)

Fig.2 Manufacturing flow chart of powder metallurgy (PM) near net shape forming at Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
(a) part design (b) tooling assembly (c) capsule powder filling and degassing
(d) HIPing and partial tooling removal (HIP—hot isostatic pressing)(e) tooling removal finish machining by selective acid leaching (f) finished part

Table 1 Chemical compositions of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI pre-alloyed powder
(mass fraction / %)

Fig.3 Vacuum heating degassing equipment for titanium alloy powder developed at IMR, CAS

Table 2 Mechanical properties of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI alloy^[51]

Fig.4 Schematic of a typical impeller tooling design^[51]

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of size segregation during tapping

Fig.6 Comparison of the size of the cylinder capsules before (left) and after (right) HIP

Fig.7 Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI powder metallurgy hydrogen pump impeller fabricated by IMR, CAS (a) and its vertical section (b)

Fig.8 Microstructure of Ti55 powder compacts HIPed at 940 ℃^[47]

Table 3 Comparison of tensile properties of HIPed Ti55 alloy after different heat treatments at 20 and 600 ℃^[47]

Fig.9 Comparison of tensile properties of cast, PM and wrought Ti55 alloys after heat treatment at 20 ℃ (a) and 600 ℃ (b)^[47]

Fig.10 Comparison of tensile properties of AI, AII and AIII alloys made of Ti55 powder stored for 1 month, 6 months and 12 months, respectively

Fig.11 Thin-wall cylinder component of PM Ti55 alloy^[63]

Fig.12 Microstructure of γ-TiAl showing γ phase IPF map of cast (a) and PM (c) alloy, as well as (111) and <110> pole figures of γ phase of cast (b) and PM (d) alloy^[75]

Table 4 Typical tensile properties of cast and PM γ-TiAl alloys^[75]

Fig.13 γ-TiAl PM parts fabricated by IMR, CAS(a) automobile engine connecting rod(b) engine ring structure demonstrator

Fig.14 Micro-CT analysis of Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Mo billet prepared via wrought (a) and PM (b) route^[92]

Fig.15 Effect of solution temperature on RT tensile properties of PM Ti₂AlNb alloys^[92]

Table 5 Ageing effects on the tensile properties and stress rupture life at elevated temperature of PM Ti₂AlNb alloys^[93]

Fig.16 The predicted shrinkage of 2D symmetric sections before (a) and after (b) HIPing^[51]

Table 6 Dimensional comparison of impeller at several critical locations

Fig.17 Shielding effect in HIPing process (P—hipping pressure; P_i— inner pressure; σ_X, σ_Y, σ_Z—stresses; R₂—outer radius; R₁—inner radius of solid shell)

Fig.18 PM near net shaped forming Ti₂AlNb alloy complex part (a) and its vertical section (b)

Fig.19 The effect of container size (R) on the relative density distribution of PM Ti₂AlNb alloys^[65](a) R=20 mm (b) R=80 mm

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