基于熔池原位冶金的电弧增材制造<strong>Al-Cu-Li</strong>合金显微组织与硬度

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00559

金属学报

2024, Vol. 60

Issue (5): 661-669 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00559

研究论文

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基于熔池原位冶金的电弧增材制造Al-Cu-Li合金显微组织与硬度

黎康杰, 孙泽羽, 何蓓(

), 田象军

北京航空航天大学大型金属构件增材制造国家工程实验室北京 100191

Microstructure and Hardness of Al-Cu-Li Alloy Fabricated by Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on In Situ Metallurgy of Molten Pool

LI Kangjie, SUN Zeyu, HE Bei(

), TIAN Xiangjun

National Engineering Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing for Large Metallic Structures, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

引用本文:

黎康杰, 孙泽羽, 何蓓, 田象军. 基于熔池原位冶金的电弧增材制造Al-Cu-Li合金显微组织与硬度[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(5): 661-669.
Kangjie LI, Zeyu SUN, Bei HE, Xiangjun TIAN. Microstructure and Hardness of Al-Cu-Li Alloy Fabricated by Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on In Situ Metallurgy of Molten Pool[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2024, 60(5): 661-669.

全文: PDF(3005 KB) HTML

摘要:

随着航空航天领域对大型轻量化构件的需求日益增加，研发新型Al-Li合金制备技术能够提升制造效率，减轻构件重量。本工作采用一种Al-Cu合金丝材与Al-Li二元合金粉末同步输送的电弧增材制造方法，成功制备了Al-Cu-Li合金试样。利用OM、SEM、XRD、TEM和Vickers硬度仪对试样的晶粒形貌、物相组成进行表征并测量硬度。结果表明，电弧增材制造Al-Cu-Li合金沉积态试样由10~20 μm的细小等轴晶组成，且晶界处存在半连续网状共晶θ (Al₂Cu)相。增材制造热循环作用还会导致晶界附近析出T_B (Al₇Cu₄Li)相与T₁ (Al₂CuLi)相。T₁相主要分布于试样的中部及底部，且随着增材制造热循环次数的增加T₁相含量呈上升趋势，试样底部的T₁相含量最高。电弧增材制造Al-Cu-Li合金沉积态试样的最大硬度为126.7 HV_0.1，略高于其他电弧增材制造2219 Al-Cu合金，这主要得益于细小的等轴晶组织以及热循环的作用下所产生的T₁相。

关键词 ： Al-Li合金, 电弧增材制造, 显微组织, 硬度

Abstract：

Al-Li alloy has become an optional material for load-bearing components in aerospace because of its low density, high specific strength, and good fatigue performance. Currently, the widely used casting process to fabricate large Al-Li alloy structural parts has the issues of active and highly toxic Li elements, high equipment cost, long production cycle, limited forming size, and low material utilization. Wire and arc additive manufacturing technology uses an arc heat source to melt the raw materials, mostly prealloyed wires, and directly deposits the materials layer-by-layer by controlling the required components using a computer. It has the technical advantages of a short processing cycle, high material utilization, and a large frame formation, providing a new possibility for forming large Al-Li alloy components. Currently, the prealloyed welding wire is usually used as a raw material for arc additive manufacturing, but it is challenging to make high-performance Al-Li alloy wire and Li is strongly ablated under a high-temperature heat source. In situ metallurgy with an arc melt pool has prepared Al-Li alloys with good internal quality and superior performance potential while reducing manufacturing costs. Therefore, exploring the controllable addition of Li elements during the deposition process is necessary. Herein, the Al-Cu-Li alloy sample was successfully fabricated using a multimaterial arc melting deposition technology combining Al-Li alloy powder and 2219 Al-Cu alloy wire. The grain morphology, phase composition, and hardness of the as-built alloy sample were further analyzed. The as-built Al-Cu-Li alloy sample comprises fine equiaxed grains of 10-20 μm with semi-continuous reticular eutectic θ (Al₂Cu) phases at the grain boundaries. T_B (Al₇Cu₄Li) and T₁ (Al₂CuLi) phases can be observed near the grain boundaries under the influence of thermal cycling. T₁ phases with significant strengthening effects can be observed in the middle and bottom of the sample. The number density of the T₁ phase is higher in the bottom part compared to the middle, but the size of the T₁ phase is relatively larger because the bottom of the sample near the substrate experienced more thermal cycling. The maximum hardness of the as-built Al-Li sample is 126.7 HV_0.1, slightly higher than that of the other wire and arc additive manufactured using 2219 Al-Cu alloys, mainly owing to the fine equiaxed grains and the T₁ phases formed via thermal cycling.

Key words： Al-Li alloy arc additive manufacturing microstructure hardness

收稿日期: 2022-11-01

ZTFLH:

TG40

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52101033);国家自然科学基金项目(52090044)

通讯作者: 何蓓，hebei@buaa.edu.cn，主要从事金属增材制造的研究

Corresponding author: HE Bei, associate professor, Tel: (010)82339691, E-mail: hebei@buaa.edu.cn

作者简介: 黎康杰，男，1997年生，硕士

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00559 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2024/V60/I5/661

表1 2219铝合金焊丝和沉积基材的化学成分 (mass fraction / %)

图1 电弧沉积Al-Cu-Li合金试样过程示意图及宏观照片

图2 沉积态Al-Cu-Li合金试样沿沉积方向顶部、中部及底部的组织形貌及晶粒异质形核示意图

图3 沉积态Al-Cu-Li合金试样沿沉积方向顶部、中部及底部的SEM像及EDS分析

图4 EDS点阵示意图和Scheil公式拟合结果

图5 沉积态Al-Cu-Li合金试样沿沉积方向的XRD谱

图6 沉积态Al-Cu-Li合金试样沿沉积方向顶部、中部及底部的TEM像与相应的SAED花样

图7 沉积态Al-Cu-Li试样中各部分T1相的HRTEM像与相应的快速Fourier变换(FFT)图

图8 沉积态Al-Cu-Li试样Vickers硬度分布

表2 各种工艺下合金试样的Vickers硬度[11,24,25]

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