低活化铁素体<strong>/</strong>马氏体钢组织调控及其固相连接研究进展

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00348

金属学报

2021, Vol. 57

Issue (11): 1521-1538 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00348

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低活化铁素体/马氏体钢组织调控及其固相连接研究进展

刘晨曦, 毛春亮, 崔雷, 周晓胜, 余黎明, 刘永长(

)

天津大学材料科学与工程学院水利安全与仿真国家重点实验室天津 300354

Recent Progress in Microstructural Control and Solid-State Welding of Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steels

LIU Chenxi, MAO Chunliang, CUI Lei, ZHOU Xiaosheng, YU Liming, LIU Yongchang(

)

State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China

引用本文:

刘晨曦, 毛春亮, 崔雷, 周晓胜, 余黎明, 刘永长. 低活化铁素体/马氏体钢组织调控及其固相连接研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(11): 1521-1538.
Chenxi LIU, Chunliang MAO, Lei CUI, Xiaosheng ZHOU, Liming YU, Yongchang LIU. Recent Progress in Microstructural Control and Solid-State Welding of Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steels[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(11): 1521-1538.

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摘要:

国际热核聚变实验堆计划是迄今为止全球规模最大、影响最深远的国际科研合作项目之一。核聚变堆包层模块需要选用高温性能相对优异、热导率高、热膨胀系数低、抗中子辐照肿胀的低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel，RAFM steel)。现有RAFM钢大多数是依据低活化元素选取原则在Cr-Mo系铁素体耐热钢种的基础上发展起来的，但存在热强性差、熔焊接头服役过程容易发生第IV类断裂等问题。本文首先概括了国内外RAFM钢的发展历程、合金化设计原理与组织设计思路、组织演变规律及调控方法，并对RAFM钢的固相连接(扩散连接与搅拌摩擦焊接)进展进行了总结，指出了高热稳定性的纳米级MX相对位错的钉扎作用是实现RAFM钢高温强化的重要因素，分析了RAFM钢冷却过程中板条马氏体非连续转变动力学成因，明确了形变热处理等组织调控技术对RAFM钢性能优化的作用机制，澄清了RAFM钢固相连接接头组织形成与演变规律，指明了高温服役过程中RAFM钢固相连接接头组织演变与断裂失效机制。

关键词 ：低活化铁素体/马氏体钢, 强化机制, 相变行为, 组织演变, 组织调控, 扩散连接, 搅拌摩擦焊

Abstract：

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project is one of the world's largest and most ambitious international scientific research collaboration projects to date. Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel (RAFM steel) has been selected as the candidate material for test blanket module in ITER due to its excellent mechanical properties at high temperature, high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient, and intense neutron irradiation swelling resistance. According to the reduced activation element selection approach, RAFM steels were created using Cr-Mo ferritic heat-resistance steels. However, RAFM steels have some disadvantages, including poor high-temperature endurance and type IV cracking in fusion-welded joints. The history of development, alloying principles, microstructural design principles, microstructure evolution and control, and solid-state joining technologies (diffusion bonding and friction stir welding) were discussed in this study. The pinning effect of nanoscale MX with excellent thermal stability on dislocations has been identified as a key factor in strengthening RAFM steel. In RAFM steel, the mechanism for a discontinuous martensitic transition during isochronal cooling has been elucidated. The microstructural formation, evolution, and failure of solid-state RAFM steel joints were shown, and its mechanical properties optimization due to thermo-mechanical treatment was realized.

Key words： reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel strengthening mechanism phase transformation behavior microstructure evolution microstructure control diffusion bonding friction stir welding

收稿日期: 2021-08-23

ZTFLH:

TG142.1

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52034004)

作者简介: 刘晨曦，男，1983年生，副教授，博士

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表1 主要低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(RAFM钢)的化学成分[20~22,24,25]

图1 W含量对RAFM钢不同温度下力学性能的影响[35,36]

图2 RAFM钢的组织特征示意图

图3 不同冷却速率下RAFM钢板条马氏体相变速率(df / dt)随温度的变化[59](a) 15oC/min (b) 5oC/min (c) 1oC /min

图4 含0.1%C的RAFM钢5℃/min冷却时不同阶段的激光共聚焦显微镜照片与马氏体相变曲线

图5 RAFM钢正火+回火后的TEM明场像和高角环形暗场STEM像

图6 不同热处理状态下RAFM钢的室温屈服强度实测值与计算值对比[86]

图7 RAFM钢的拉伸强度、屈服强度及延伸率随温度的变化[87]

图8 RAFM钢在不同温度下塑性变形后位错分布的TEM像[87](a) room temperature (b) 300oC

图9 不同工艺路线下T91高铬铁素体钢的强度随均匀变形延伸率和断后延伸率的变化[100]

图10 不同轧制与回火工艺下RAFM钢试样的TEM像(a, d) without rolling (b, e) rolling at 550oC with a deformation reduction of 60% and tempering at 750oC for 1.5 h (c, f) rolling at 550oC with a deformation reduction of 60% and tempering at 650oC for 5 h, and then tempering at 750oC for 1.5 h

图11 RAFM钢工艺路线与组织设计示意图[112]

图12 RAFM钢扩散连接接头组织的OM像和TEM像

图13 使用电沉积Ni中间层的RAFM钢扩散连接接头焊后热处理前后的TEM像[125]

图14 RAFM钢瞬时液相(TLP)连接工艺原理示意图[126](a) initial state (b) base material austenitizing (c) base material melting (d) final state

图15 RAFM钢搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头临界热影响区中Laves相的TEM明场相、高角环形暗场像和能谱图[145](a) bright field TEM image (b) HAADF scanning image (c-f) EDX maps

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