纳米金属结构材料的韧化

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00191

金属学报

2022, Vol. 58

Issue (11): 1385-1398 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00191

综述

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

纳米金属结构材料的韧化

赵永好(

), 毛庆忠

南京理工大学材料科学与工程学院纳米异构材料中心南京 210094

Toughening of Nanostructured Metals

ZHAO Yonghao(

), MAO Qingzhong

Nano and Heterogeneous Materials Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Universityof Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

引用本文:

赵永好, 毛庆忠. 纳米金属结构材料的韧化[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(11): 1385-1398.
Yonghao ZHAO, Qingzhong MAO. Toughening of Nanostructured Metals[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2022, 58(11): 1385-1398.

全文: PDF(3792 KB) HTML

摘要:

金属结构材料因其独特性能(高强韧、耐高温等)在航空、航天、航海、军工、核电、化工、建筑和桥梁等领域具有广泛的工业应用。当前金属结构材料面临着挑战和发展机遇,而我国金属结构材料行业亦面临发展优势和不足。纳米金属结构材料因其高强度而在有节能减重要求的领域(如交通运输)具有工业应用前景,但其低的断裂延伸率限制了工业应用。纳米金属低的拉伸塑性是由其低的应变硬化率导致,而低的应变硬化率进一步由纳米金属过小的晶粒尺寸难以积累位错所致。经过20多年的研究,纳米金属低的断裂延伸率可通过纳米析出、孪晶界、多尺度晶粒分布、孪生、相变、降低位错密度、纳米梯度结构、异构等组织调控得以改善,这些韧化方案提高了纳米金属位错积累能力和应变硬化率,并最终提高了韧性。纳米金属结构材料的拉伸性能除了与其微观结构密切相关,还与变形温度、应变速率、拉伸样品尺寸及加载应力状态相关。

关键词 ：纳米金属结构材料, 强度, 断裂延伸率, 应变硬化, 韧化

Abstract：

Metallic structural materials have a wide range of industrial applications (including in the aviation, aerospace, navigation, military industry, nuclear power, chemical industry, construction, and bridge-building fields) due to their unique properties (such as heat resistance and high strength and toughness). At present, there are development opportunities for metallic structural materials, but these materials are also facing challenges due to the gradual substitution of carbon fiber composites and the increasing shortage of metal mineral resources. China's metallic structural material industry is facing development roadblocks and opportunities. Nanostructured metals and alloys have a wide range of potential industrial applications in the field of aviation, aerospace, navigation, military industry with requirements for energy conservation and weight reduction due to their high strength, but their low fracture elongation is a major limitation. The low ductility of nanostructured metals is caused by their low strain hardening rate; the strain hardening rate is caused by the difficulty of dislocation accumulation. This is because the small grain size limits dislocation propagation and reaction. After more than 20 years of research, the low ductility of nanostructured metals has been improved by tailoring the metal microstructures, such as by introducing nano-precipitation, twin boundaries, multi-scale grain distribution, twinning, or phase transformation, nano-gradient structure, and heterogeneous structure, or by lowering dislocation density, etc. These toughening schemes improve the dislocation accumulation capacity and strain hardening rate of nanostructured metals, and ultimately improve their toughness. The tensile properties of nanostructured metals are closely related to their microstructures and deformation temperature, strain rate, tensile sample size, and loading state.

Key words： nanostructured metal strength ductility strain hardening toughening

收稿日期: 2022-04-24

ZTFLH:

TG113

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1200203);国家自然科学基金项目(51971112);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(30919011405)

作者简介: 赵永好,男,1971年生,教授,博士

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图1 金属、陶瓷和有机高分子材料的断裂韧性-强度对比[1]

图2 美国波音787客机所用复合材料和金属结构材料的比例

图3 金属强度和位错密度的关系

图4 陶瓷、金属和有机高分子材料拉伸曲线示意图以及静态韧性与强度、断裂延伸率、加工硬化率的关系

图5 粗晶铜和退火纳米、超细晶铜的拉伸曲线[48]

图6 析出相半径对屈服强度的影响

图7 粗晶(CG)固溶、液氮轧制(NS)、低温时效(NS + P) 7075铝合金的拉伸曲线,拉伸后析出相附近的位错积累,及拉伸前的纳米析出相[56]

图8 等径角挤压(ECAP)和随后液氮拉拔、轧制(ECAP + D + R)超细晶Cu的拉伸曲线,液氮变形引入的纳米形变孪晶,及孪晶界和位错的反应[82]

图9 高纯、致密bi-modal和multi-modal镍的微观结构和拉伸曲线以及屈服强度-断裂延伸率对比[87]

图10 超细晶高锰钢的拉伸曲线和X-射线衍射谱[89]

图11 滚压技术制备纳米梯度结构Cu[95]

图12 纳米梯度不锈钢的拉伸曲线、应变硬化曲线及复杂应力状态[96]

图13 超细晶Cu拉伸样品厚度(T)和长度(L)对拉伸曲线和变形机理的影响[109]

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