定向凝固多孔金属研究进展

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00027

金属学报

2018, Vol. 54

Issue (5): 727-741 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00027

金属材料的凝固专刊

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

定向凝固多孔金属研究进展

李言祥^1,²(

), 刘效邦¹

1 清华大学材料学院北京 100084
2 先进成形制造教育部重点实验室(清华大学) 北京 100084

Directionally Solidified Porous Metals: A Review

Yanxiang LI^1,²(

), Xiaobang LIU¹

1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2 Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

引用本文:

李言祥, 刘效邦. 定向凝固多孔金属研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54(5): 727-741.
Yanxiang LI, Xiaobang LIU. Directionally Solidified Porous Metals: A Review[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(5): 727-741.

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摘要:

本文从凝固理论、凝固方法与装置、凝固体系、性能及应用等方面,综述了定向凝固多孔金属的研究进展。圆柱形气孔规则排列的多孔金属是通过定向凝固方法在加压气氛中利用金属/气体共晶反应制备的。通过控制凝固方向,不仅可以制备一维藕状多孔结构,还可以制备二维放射状多孔结构。参考经典的Jackson-Hunt共晶模型,建立了稳态凝固条件下金属-气体共晶定向凝固的理论模型,并且给出了考虑H₂逸出和定向凝固多孔结构形成的工艺参数窗口。介绍了模铸法、连续铸造法和Bridgman型定向凝固法3种制备技术。重点介绍了定向凝固多孔结构制备过程中的2个重要进展：孔结构均匀的定向凝固多孔合金的制备以及高孔隙率定向凝固多孔Al的制备。圆柱形气孔规则排列使得定向凝固多孔金属在力、热、声以及渗透等方面具有特殊的性能优势,因此在轻质结构材料、热沉、过滤器和人工骨等领域具有广阔的应用前景。

关键词 ：多孔金属, 定向凝固, 金属/气体共晶, Gasar, 藕状金属

Abstract：

This paper reviews the recent development of porous metals with directional pores, from the aspects of the solidification principle, fabrication method, properties and applications. This kind of porous metals is fabricated by a directional solidification process in pressurized gas atmosphere, utilizing a metal/gas eutectic reaction (Gasar). By controlling solidification direction, not only lotus-type porous structure but also radial-type porous structure can be produced. The coupled growth of solid/gas phases is discussed by applying a solution procedure similar to that in the classical Jackson-Hunt eutectic growth model. The working window considering hydrogen escape and the formation of directional solidification porous structure has been given. Three fabrication techniques including mold casting, continuous casting techniques and Bridgman-type directional solidification method are introduced. Two new progresses about the fabrication of directionally solidified porous structure are described in details: porous alloy with uniform directional pores and high-porosity directionally solidified porous aluminum. Since directionally solidified porous metals exhibit peculiar physical and mechanical properties such as light-weight, air and water permeability, and anisotropy of thermal and mechanical properties, they are suitable for applications in heat sinks, filters, biomaterials and so on.

Key words： porous metal directional solidification metal/gas eutectic Gasar lotus-type metal

收稿日期: 2018-01-18

ZTFLH:

TG249

基金资助:资助项目国家自然科学基金项目No.51371104

作者简介:

作者简介李言祥,男,1962 年生,教授,博士

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00027 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2018/V54/I5/727

图1 Cu-H二元共晶相图(H2压力0.1 MPa,富Cu端)[18]

图2 H在几种纯金属中的溶解度与温度的关系(H2压力为0.1 MPa)[45]

图3 金属-气体共晶稳态凝固理论模型和对应的柱坐标系[17]

图4 不同H2和Ar气压力下Mg-H系气孔率预测结果与实验值的比较[34]

图5 气体总压对孔径和孔间距的影响(v=0.4 mm/s, T=1023 K)[17]

图6 Mg-H系共晶定向凝固过程中气体压力和过热度的工作窗口及优化线[50]

图7 Ar气压力对金属-H相图的影响示意图[50]

图8 二维放射状多孔Mg和多孔Cu的形貌图[51]

图9 普通模铸法制备定向凝固多孔金属的3种装置示意图

图10 Bridgman定向凝固装置示意图[37]

图11 定向凝固多孔Cu-Mn合金形貌[61]

图12 已报道的定向凝固多孔金属中气孔率随凝固速率变化的关系总结

图13 不同热流密度条件下定向凝固多孔Cu热沉传热性能的实验结果[97]

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