Toughening Pathways and Regulatory Mechanisms of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys
XU Liujie1(), ZONG Le2, LUO Chunyang2, JIAO Zhaolin2, WEI Shizhong3()
1.Engineering Research Center of Tribology and Materials Protection, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China 3.National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
Cite this article:
XU Liujie, ZONG Le, LUO Chunyang, JIAO Zhaolin, WEI Shizhong. Toughening Pathways and Regulatory Mechanisms of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys. Acta Metall Sin, 2022, 58(3): 257-271.
Alloying has long been used to improve the properties of metals. Typically, the design concept starts with two metal elements as the foundation and small quantities of other elements are added to change or optimize the alloy properties. Recently, a new alloy has emerged, which combines several main elements to form new alloys, known as high-entropy alloys. Among them, refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) made by mixing five or more refractory metal elements that have similar atomic ratios have wide application prospects in the field of high-temperature materials because of their stable phase structures and excellent high-temperature properties. This paper reviews the mechanical properties and microstructure of typical RHEAs, mechanism of toughening and mechanical property regulation of RHEAs, and prospects for the future development of RHEAs, starting with the current research status of RHEAs. The first section delves into the classification of RHEAs based on their constituent phases, and the microstructure and phase composition of the RHEAs are investigated. The second section summarizes the mechanical properties, strengthening, and toughening mechanisms of RHEAs at room and high temperatures. The third section illustrates and discusses three different strengthening and toughening schemes that have been used to modulate the mechanical properties of RHEAs, namely, chemical composition, process, and phase structure modulations. Finally, the future development of RHEAs have been forecasted and the following recommendations are made for key RHEA research trends in the future: simulating and calculating the materials properties and formation phases using computers and other technologies, development of a research platform and database for RHEAs, accelerating the screening of new RHEAs using combinatorial experimental methods, and acquiring top-down and bottom-up experimental methods to explore RHEAs systems with excellent properties.
Fig.1 SEM (a) and TEM (b) images of AlNbTiV (Inset in Fig.2a shows the enlarged image, inset in Fig.2b shows the selected area election diffraction (SAED) pattern)[23]
Fig.2 TEM image of microstructure in the dual-phase Ta0.5HfZrTi (The upper right inset shows the location where the TEM image was taken)[36]
Fig.3 Surface morphology (a) and TEM image (b) of TiZrHfBe (Cu7.5Ni12.5) rods (Inset is the corresponding SAED pattern)[40]
Fig.4 Relationship between yield strength and elong-ation of refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) at room temperature[3,4,11,21,23,24,27,28,32,33,36,38,41-77]
Fig.5 TEM analyses of the NbTaTiV RHEA sintered at 1700oC[84]
Fig.6 Microstructure evolutions of HfNbTaTiZr alloys annealed under different conditions[86]
Fig.7 Yield strength of RHEAs as a function of temperature (SPS—spark plasma sintering)[4,23,24,27,33,35,44,49-51,53,64,67,68,93-95]
Fig.8 Chemical component tuning for RHEAs
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