Distribution Characteristics of Twin-Boundaries in Three-Dimensional Grain Boundary Network of 316L Stainless Steel

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00062

Acta Metall Sin

2018, Vol. 54

Issue (10): 1377-1386 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00062

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Distribution Characteristics of Twin-Boundaries in Three-Dimensional Grain Boundary Network of 316L Stainless Steel

Tingguang LIU¹, Shuang XIA²(

), Qin BAI², Bangxin ZHOU², Yonghao LU¹

1 National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China

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Tingguang LIU, Shuang XIA, Qin BAI, Bangxin ZHOU, Yonghao LU. Distribution Characteristics of Twin-Boundaries in Three-Dimensional Grain Boundary Network of 316L Stainless Steel. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(10): 1377-1386.

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Abstract

Grain boundaries are sources of failure and weakness due to their relatively excess free volume compared to the lattice of polycrystalline materials exposed to aggressive environment. The control of grain boundary degradation has become one of the key issues of materials science and engineering. It has been found that the coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries, especially Σ3 (the twin boundaries), have stronger resistance to intergranular degradation than random boundaries. Materials with a high proportion of CSL boundaries that could disrupt the connectivity of random boundaries have better performance to resist intergranular failures. However, the distribution characteristics of twin boundaries in grain boundary network are still unclear. In this work, three-dimensional electron backscatter diffraction (3D-EBSD) was used to map the 3D grain boundary network of a 316L stainless steel. The topological characteristics of triple junction and quadruple junction in the presence of twin boundaries were investigated. The distribution of twin boundaries around grains and grain boundaries was analyzed. The results show that the twin boundary number fraction in the 3D grain boundary network is lower than the measured twin boundary area fraction, indicating that the average area per twin boundary is larger than random boundary. Most of triple junctions in the 316L stainless steel have one twin boundary. The proportion of triple junctions with two twin boundaries is about 9.4%. A quadruple junction has three twin boundaries at most. Most of quadruple junctions have one or two twin boundaries. About 7.9% of quadruple junctions have three twin boundaries. The 3D-EBSD data of 316L includes 1840 grains, 7353 random boundaries and 1824 twin boundaries. On average, a 3D grain in the 3D microstructure has 11 faces (39.85 neighboring faces that includes all boundaries of the grain and all boundaries that connected with the grain by lines or points), in which the number of twin boundaries is 2.03 (8.02) on average. A 3D grain boundary has 9.35 neighboring boundaries, in which the number of twin boundaries is 1.99 on average.

Key words: 316L stainless steel grain boundary network twin boundary triple junction quadruple junction

Received: 12 February 2018

ZTFLH:

TG142.1

Fund: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51701017 and 51671122), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.FRF-TP-16-041A1) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.2182044)

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	Tingguang LIU
	Shuang XIA
	Qin BAI
	Bangxin ZHOU
	Yonghao LU

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2018.00062 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2018/V54/I10/1377

Fig.1 Schematic of the block for three-dimensional electron backscatter diffraction 3D-EBSD collection by serial-sectioning

Fig.2 Reconstructed 3D-EBSD microstructure which is colored according to inverse pole figure (IPF) in direction Z (a), and reconstructed grain boundary network which was colored according to the boundary misorientations (b)

Fig.3 Schematics of triple junction
(a) the three grains that they are neighbors mutually
(b) the three grain boundaries between the three grains which have a common line named triple line (The label F_AB means the boundary between grain A and grain B corresponding to Fig.3a, the same for labels F_AC and F_BC)

Fig.4 Examples of triple junction from the 3D-EBSD microstructure of the 316L stainless steel
(a) 0T-TJ: a triple junction without twin boundary
(b) 1T-TJ: a triple junction with one twin boundary
(c) 2T-TJ: a triple junction with two twin boundaries (G1, G2 and G3 are grain numbers. F₁₂ means the boundary between grain G1 and grain G2, the same for F₁₃ and F₂₃)

Fig.5 Schematic showing quadruple junction
(a) the four grains that they are neighbors mutually (A, B, C and D are grain numbers. F_AD means the boundary between grain A and grain D, the same for F_BD and F_CD)
(b) the six grain boundaries between the four grains which have a common point called quadruple point (F_AB means the boundary between grain A and grain B, the same for others)

Fig.6 Classification of quadruple junctions according to the number and arrangement of twin boundaries (0T-QJ means quadruple junction without twin boundary; 1T-QJ means quadruple junction with one twin boundary; 2T-QJ₁ and 2T-QJ₂ mean quadruple junction with two twin boundaries and its isomerism; 3T-QJ means quadruple junction with three twin boundaries)

Fig.7 Examples of quadruple junctions from the 3D-EBSD microstructure of 316L stainless steel (G1, G2, G3 and G4 are grain numbers. The label F₁₂means the boundary between grain G1 and G2, the same for others)
(a) 0T-QJ (b) 1T-QJ (c) 2T-QJ₁ (d) 2T-QJ₂ (e) 3T-QJ

Fig.8 Relationship between the numbers of boundaries and twin boundaries (TBs) per grain in the 3D-EBSD microstructure of 316L stainless steel, and its linear fitting

Fig.9 Relationship between the numbers of neighboring grain boundaries (GBs) and neighboring TBs per grain in the 3D-EBSD microstructure of 316L, and its linear fitting (The neighboring boundaries of a grain include not only faces of the grain but also faces that connect by line or point with the grain)

Fig.10 Relationship between the numbers of neighboring GBs and neighboring TBs per grain boundary in the 3D-EBSD microstructure of the 316L, and its linear fitting (The neighboring boundaries of a grain boundary mean that all boundaries connect by line with the boundary)

Fig.11 The grain boundary network with CSL characters (a) and the random-boundary-network (b) of the 100th slices in the 3D-EBSD of the 316L stainless steel

Fig.12 Schematic map to show a 3D intergranular crack (a), 3D random boundary network (b) and 3D twin boundary network (c) of the 316L stainless steel

Fig.13 Statistics of distribution characteristics of twin boundaries in the 3D grain boundary network of 316L stainless steel (A—average number of twin boundaries per triple junction; B—average number of twin boundaries per quadruple junction; C—average number of boundaries per grain; D—average number of twin boundaries per grain; E—average number of neighboring boundaries per grain; F—average number of neighboring twin boundaries per grain; G—average number of neighboring boundaries per boundary; H—average number of neighboring twin boundaries per boundary)

Fig.14 Distributions of triple junction character and quadruple junction character in the 3D grain boundary network of 316L stainless steel, but it should be noted here that not all quadruple junctions were included in this statistic because the current software cannot find all quadruple junctions automatically

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