高温合金盘锻件制备过程残余应力的演化规律及机制

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00089

金属学报

2019, Vol. 55

Issue (9): 1160-1174 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00089

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高温合金盘锻件制备过程残余应力的演化规律及机制

毕中南^1,²(

),秦海龙^1,²,董志国³,王相平³,王鸣³,刘永泉³,杜金辉^1,²,张继^1,²

1. 钢铁研究总院高温合金新材料北京市重点实验室北京 100081
2. 北京钢研高纳科技股份有限公司北京 100081
3. 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所沈阳110005

Residual Stress Evolution and Its Mechanism During the Manufacture of Superalloy Disk Forgings

BI Zhongnan^1,²(

),QIN Hailong^1,²,DONG Zhiguo³,WANG Xiangping³,WANG Ming³,LIU Yongquan³,DU Jinhui^1,²,ZHANG Ji^1,²

1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced High Temperature Materials, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China
2. CISRI-GAONA Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 100081, China
3. AECC Shenyang Engine Research Institute, Shenyang 110005, China

引用本文:

毕中南,秦海龙,董志国,王相平,王鸣,刘永泉,杜金辉,张继. 高温合金盘锻件制备过程残余应力的演化规律及机制[J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55(9): 1160-1174.
Zhongnan BI, Hailong QIN, Zhiguo DONG, Xiangping WANG, Ming WANG, Yongquan LIU, Jinhui DU, Ji ZHANG. Residual Stress Evolution and Its Mechanism During the Manufacture of Superalloy Disk Forgings[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2019, 55(9): 1160-1174.

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摘要:

高温合金盘锻件制备工艺过程中形成的内部残余应力是涡轮盘件尺寸精度和使用稳定性的重要影响因素。本文综述了高温合金盘锻件内部残余应力的中子衍射法和轮廓法测试技术，以及残余应力在固溶淬火、时效热处理和零件加工过程的分布特征、演化规律和内在机制：高温合金盘锻件的内部残余应力主要源于淬火过程的温度梯度，以弦向和径向应力为主，沿截面轮廓呈“内拉外压”特征分布，其数值与淬火态合金的屈服强度相当；时效热处理后小部分残余应力通过塑性变形和蠕变释放；热处理过程中强化相的析出与残余应力演化存在显著交互影响；零件加工过程中，残余应力会随着加工余量脱离本体而被部分释放，残余应力在再平衡过程发生变化所引起的附加力矩是加工变形的主要原因。

关键词 ：高温合金, 残余应力, 中子衍射, 轮廓法, 涡轮盘锻件

Abstract：

Significant interior residual stresses, which were generated during the manufacture process, could affect the machining dimension precision and structural stability during the subsequent machining process and service operation in the superalloys component, such as turbine disk. In this paper, the neutron diffraction method and contour method are described for measuring the distribution of interior residual stresses. The distribution, evolution of interior residual stress, and its mechanism are analyzed during quenching, ageing heat treatment and machining process in superalloys disk forging. The residual stresses are mainly generated by the temperature gradient formed during rapid cooling after solution heat treatment. After quenching, the residual stresses in hoop direction and radial direction of disc forging are significant, and its distribution along the profile is characterized by "internal tension and external pressure". The magnitudes of the residual stresses are equivalent to the yield strength of as-quenched alloys at room temperature. Quenching-induced residual stresses are partially relieved during the ageing process due to plastic strain and creep-controlled dislocation rearrangement. The precipitation behavior of γ″ or γ′ phase during heat treatment has a significant interaction with the distribution and magnitude of residual stress. During the machining process, part of the residual stresses contributing to the equilibrium of the internal forces are removed along with the material. Additional moment caused by re-balance of residual stresses results in the serious consequences of distortion in the remaining body.

Key words： superalloy residual stress neutron diffraction contour method turbine disk

收稿日期: 2019-04-01

ZTFLH:

TG115.23

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(U1708253);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0702901);深圳市科创委基础学科布局项目(JCYJ20160608161000821)

作者简介: 毕中南，男，1983年生，教授级高级工程师，博士

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	毕中南
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	王相平
	王鸣
	刘永泉
	杜金辉
	张继
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链接本文:

https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00089 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2019/V55/I9/1160

图1 各种残余应力测量方法的测量穿透与空间分辨率

图2 无应力试样和中子衍射测试盘锻件的光路示意图

图3 GH4169合金无应力标样和盘锻件的中子衍射谱

图4 涡轮盘锻件轮廓法测试残余应力的过程

图5 涡轮盘锻件油淬过程中不同位置的温度变化

图6 涡轮盘锻件油淬过程中温度场和不同方向应力场变化的有限元模拟结果

表1 几种典型盘锻件用高温合金的化学成分及组织性能特征[28,29,30]

图7 典型盘锻件用高温合金冷却过程中的收缩应变

图8 中子衍射法测得的盘锻件弦向残余应力分布

图9 中子衍射法测得的不同冷却条件GH4169合金盘锻件内部三维残余应力分布图

图10 GH4169合金盘锻件的中心孔气冷实验[31]

图11 时效过程中GH4169盘锻件中心位置残余应力的原位中子衍射测试结果[32]

图12 不同温度下固溶淬火态GH4169合金盘锻件等效残余应力与材料屈服强度

图13 GH4169合金不同温度下时效保温过程中收缩应变随时间的变化[38]

图14 GH4169合金720 ℃保温时效过程中的晶格常数变化及其与宏观体积变化的关联[38]

图15 残余应力作用下GH4169合金中γ″相析出行为的变化(TEM明场像，入射方向[001]γ)[32]

图16 GH4169合金盘锻件加工前后尺寸和残余应力测试点

图17 GH4169合金盘锻件中加工前后三向残余应力分布的中子衍射结果

图18 残余应力引起的盘件加工轴向变形及原理示意图

表2 盘锻件加工前后外缘残余应力变化

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