选区激光熔化<strong>GH4169</strong>高温合金的微观组织和力学性能

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00075

金属学报

2025, Vol. 61

Issue (12): 1829-1844 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00075

研究论文

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选区激光熔化GH4169高温合金的微观组织和力学性能

孙勇飞¹^,², 向超²(

), 张涛², 吴文伟¹^,², 邹志航², 刘金鹏², 孙桂芳²^,³(

), 蒲吉斌⁴, 韩恩厚²^,⁵

1 广州大学物理与材料科学学院广州 510006
2 广东腐蚀科学与技术创新研究院广州 510530
3 东南大学机械工程学院南京 211189
4 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所海洋关键材料全国重点实验室宁波 315201
5 华南理工大学材料科学与工程学院广州 510641

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of GH4169 Superalloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

SUN Yongfei¹^,², XIANG Chao²(

), ZHANG Tao², WU Wenwei¹^,², ZOU Zhihang², LIU Jinpeng², SUN Guifang²^,³(

), PU Jibin⁴, HAN En-Hou²^,⁵

1 School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2 Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510530, China
3 School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
4 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
5 School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

引用本文:

孙勇飞, 向超, 张涛, 吴文伟, 邹志航, 刘金鹏, 孙桂芳, 蒲吉斌, 韩恩厚. 选区激光熔化GH4169高温合金的微观组织和力学性能[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(12): 1829-1844.
Yongfei SUN, Chao XIANG, Tao ZHANG, Wenwei WU, Zhihang ZOU, Jinpeng LIU, Guifang SUN, Jibin PU, En-Hou HAN. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of GH4169 Superalloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(12): 1829-1844.

全文: PDF(9010 KB) HTML

摘要:

GH4169材料广泛应用于航空航天、核电和石油化工等领域，传统加工方式难以满足复杂结构零件的高性能及快速制造需求，选区激光熔化(SLM)提供了一种新的制造方法。SLM成型过程中的高温度梯度和高冷却速率与传统制造方法显著不同，有必要对热处理后SLM成型GH4169高温合金的微观组织演变和力学性能进行研究。本工作采用SLM技术制备GH4169高温合金，分析讨论了打印态以及直接时效和固溶时效热处理后GH4169高温合金的微观组织和力学性能，通过不同热处理状态合金的相结构分析，建立显微组织与力学性能的构效关系。结果表明，打印态合金组织主要以γ基体和Laves相为主；直接时效后基体内部有γ′/γ″相析出；固溶时效后Laves相发生溶解，有大量尺寸小于1 μm的δ相析出，并均匀分布在晶内和晶界，基体内部γ′/γ″相分布更加均匀。SLM成型GH4169高温合金的显微硬度为311 HV，室温抗拉强度为961 MPa，屈服强度为649 MPa。热处理后，合金的硬度和强度均显著提升，其中固溶时效态合金的显微硬度为518 HV，室温抗拉强度为1393 MPa，屈服强度为1233 MPa，高于对应的锻件材料。550、650和750 ℃高温拉伸性能结果表明，热处理态样品在650 ℃的高温强度满足相应锻件标准。由于SLM成型过程中的温度梯度大、冷却速率高，制备的GH4169试样具有精细的胞状和柱状枝晶结构，晶粒尺寸小，位错密度高，热处理后有γ′/γ″强化相析出，由细晶强化、位错强化和沉淀强化作用机制共同提高了GH4169高温合金的力学性能。

关键词 ：选区激光熔化, GH4169, 热处理, 微观组织, 力学性能

Abstract：

GH4169 materials are widely used in aerospace, nuclear power, petrochemical, and other industries. However, conventional processing methods fail to meet the demands of high-performance and rapid manufacturing for complex structural parts. Therefore, selective laser melting (SLM) has been adopted as a new rapid manufacturing technology to address these demands. The high-temperature gradient and rapid cooling rate generated during SLM result in a considerably different microstructure in the GH4169 alloy compared with those produced via conventional melting and forging methods. Consequently, heat treatment is an essential post-processing step to enhance the precipitation strengthening of the GH4169 superalloy. Thus, it is critical to examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of the SLM-formed GH4169 alloy after heat treatment. This study focuses on fabricating the GH4169 alloy using SLM technology and investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-built, directly aged, and solution-aged GH4169 alloy specimens. Results reveal that the as-built structures primarily comprise a γ matrix and Laves phase. After direct aging, the γ′/γ″ phase precipitates within the matrix. After solution aging, the Laves phase completely dissolves. Moreover, the δ phase precipitates with a size of < 1 μm become abundant and uniformly distributed within grains and grain boundaries. Simultaneously, the γ′/γ″ phase precipitate within the matrix, resulting in a more homogeneous distribution. The microhardness, tensile strength, and yield strength at room temperature (25 ^oC) of the SLM GH4169 alloy are 311 HV, 961 MPa, and 649 MPa, respectively. Heat treatment substantially improves the hardness and strength of the material. In the solution-aged state, the microhardness reaches 518 HV, with a tensile strength of 1393 MPa and a yield strength of 1233 MPa at room temperature. Notably, these static mechanical properties surpass those of the corresponding forged materials. The tensile properties at 550, 650, and 750 ^oC indicate that the elevated strength of the heat-treated samples at 650 ^oC complies with relevant forging standards. Owing to the substantial temperature gradient and rapid cooling rate during the SLM forming process, the GH4169 sample exhibits a refined cellular and columnar dendritic structure, small grain size, and high dislocation density. Subsequent heat treatment induces γ′/γ″ phase precipitation, enhancing the mechanical properties of the GH4169 alloy through fine crystal strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and precipitation strengthening.

Key words： selective laser melting GH4169 heat treatment microstructure mechanical property

收稿日期: 2024-03-12

ZTFLH:

TG146.1

基金资助:广东腐蚀科学与技术创新研究院青年创新基金项目(E1551601);海洋关键材料全国重点实验室开放课题项目(2024Z02)

通讯作者: 向超，cxiang@icost.ac.cn，主要从事高性能金属材料增材制造技术研究; 孙桂芳，gfsun@seu.edu.cn，主要从事特殊环境氛围(水下)激光增材制造理论、技术研究

Corresponding author: XIANG Chao, Tel: (020)22309456, E-mail: cxiang@icost.ac.cn; SUN Guifang, professor, Tel: (025)52090501, E-mail: gfsun@seu.edu.cn

作者简介: 孙勇飞，男，1998年生，硕士生

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图1 GH4169高温合金粉末形貌及粒度分布

图2 拉伸试棒加工尺寸

表1 热处理工艺参数

图3 GH4169高温合金打印态(AB)、直接时效(DA)和固溶+时效(SA)试样的XRD谱

表2 AB、DA和SA试样中奥氏体晶面间距 (nm)

图4 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样显微组织的OM像

图5 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样显微组织的SEM像

图6 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样的EPMA面扫描结果

图7 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样的反极图(IPF)面分布图

表3 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样的晶粒尺寸

表4 GH4169高温合金的室温拉伸性能

图8 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样室温拉伸断口形貌的SEM像

图9 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样的高温工程应力-应变曲线

表5 GH4169高温合金的高温拉伸性能

图10 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样高温拉伸断口形貌的SEM像

图11 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样胞状结构的TEM明场像

图12 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样胞状结构的高角环形暗场(HAADF)像及EDS面扫描图

图13 AB、DA、SA试样基体和Laves相的TEM明场像及其SAED花样

图14 DA和SA试样的TEM明场像和[001]带轴SAED花样，及试样斑点TEM暗场像

图15 GH4169高温合金AB、DA和SA试样的微观组织演变示意图

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