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金属学报  2018, Vol. 54 Issue (5): 773-788    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2017.00525
  金属材料的凝固专刊 本期目录 | 过刊浏览 |
大型铸锭均质化问题及其新解
李军1,2, 夏明许1, 胡侨丹1, 李建国1,2()
1 上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院 上海 200240
2 上海交通大学高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心 上海 200240
Solutions in Improving Homogeneities of Heavy Ingots
Jun LI1,2, Mingxu XIA1, Qiaodan HU1, Jianguo LI1,2()
1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
引用本文:

李军, 夏明许, 胡侨丹, 李建国. 大型铸锭均质化问题及其新解[J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54(5): 773-788.
Jun LI, Mingxu XIA, Qiaodan HU, Jianguo LI. Solutions in Improving Homogeneities of Heavy Ingots[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2018, 54(5): 773-788.

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摘要: 

铸锭存在严重非均质问题,直接影响最终产品的性能和材料利用率,并制约后续热加工方法和工艺窗口选择。提高铸锭的均质化水平对节能降耗、提高材料利用率、保障构件服役性能和重大装备建设具有重要意义。本文介绍了大型铸锭非均质化因素如成分偏析、夹杂、缩孔/疏松和晶粒不均匀问题及其在后续热加工中的演变,提出了铸锭均质化窗口的概念;介绍分析了大型铸锭凝固过程宏观偏析数值计算和模拟研究的新进展以及提高铸锭均质化水平的新方法;针对冷却速率不均、不可控多相流动和非平衡溶质分凝3个造成铸锭非均质的根本原因,提出了可以根据目标均质化窗口进行铸造过程预设计的层状铸造(layer casting)新方法,建立了层状单元分配和变成分浇注成分控制模型。数值计算模拟和实验验证表明,层状铸造在降低多相流速、均化冷却速率、改变溶质分凝方面效果显著,提高了铸锭的均质化水平,并可大幅度降低设备投资、节能降耗,有望应用于高品质大型铸锭制造。

关键词 大型铸锭宏观偏析数值模拟铸造缺陷层状铸造    
Abstract

The inhomogeneity in large ingots not only decides the final properties of the product, but also restricts downstream hot working processing severely. It is very important to improve the homogeneity of ingots for saving energy, improving material utilization ratio, increasing performance of component, and the construction of key equipment. In this paper, the general inhomogeneity problem in large ingots, such as macrosegregation, inclusion, shrinkage porosity, and large crystal have been introduced. The evolutions of this inhomogeneity in the subsequent hot working processing have also been discussed, based on which the concept of homogeneity window for large ingots has been proposed. The research progress of numerical simulation of macrosegregation in large ingots and some new methods for improving the homogeneity of large ingot have also been introduced and analyzed. Three fundamental reasons for the inhomogeneity of ingots were concluded, i.e. the uneven cooling rate, the uncontrollable multiphase flow, and the solute redistribution during solidification. Aiming at these three fundamental reasons, a novel casting method called layer casting (LC), which has been proposed by our team recently, was introduced to modify the serious inhomogeneity problem in large ingots. In this method, molten alloy was poured into the mold separately and layer upon layer. As soon as the poured molten alloy solidified to a critical volume fraction range, the next layer amount of molten alloy was poured into the mold. For each layer, the mass, composition, and pouring temperature of poured molten alloy could be artificially designed and controlled based on the target homogeneity window. Both experiment and numerical simulated results shown that, in comparison with conventional ingot fabrication method, the LC method can significantly decrease the uncontrollable multiphase flow, uniform the cooling rate, and improve the solute redistribution, subsequently, improve the homogeneity of ingots. For large ingots fabrication, the LC method has the potential to substantially decrease the energy consumption, materials consumption, and the investment of large equipment. Its wide application prospect for high quality large ingots is also expected.

Key wordsheavy ingot    macrosegregation    numerical simulation    cast defect    layer casting
收稿日期: 2017-12-11     
ZTFLH:  TG244  
基金资助:资助项目 国家重点研发计划项目No.2017YFB0305300,国家自然科学基金钢铁联合基金重点项目No.U1660203,国家自然科学基金项目No.51404152和上海市浦江人才支持计划项目No.14PJ1404800
作者简介:

作者简介 李 军,男,1984年生,讲师,博士

图1  合金成分和铸锭尺寸对铸锭均匀性的影响示意图
图2  数值计算SA508-3合金中C和Mn含量分布随退火时间的变化
图3  合金铸锭重量随锻件重量的变化
图4  AP1000核岛顶盖锻件的均质化窗口示意图
图5  模铸时浇注量和凝固进程与时间的关系
图6  600 t铸锭冶炼、浇注示意图[22]
图7  真空多包合浇散流浇注
图8  铸锭定成分浇注(140 t)和变成分浇注(140/180 t)铸锭轴线上的C分布[29]
图9  大型铸锭典型宏观偏析类型和硫印形貌[30,31]
图10  数值模拟3.25 t铸锭偏析结果[84]
图11  55 t铸锭宏观偏析模拟结果、实验测量与重构结果、缩松宏观形貌和中心线上宏观偏析分布曲线[83]
图12  三维算例中的A偏析形貌[83]
图13  层状铸造工艺示意图[88]
图14  采用4个50 t炉子熔炼、浇注600 t大型铸锭的层状铸造工艺时序示意图(12次浇注)
图15  传统铸造与层状铸造的铸锭铸态组织、微观组织和晶粒尺寸分布比较[89]
图16  传统铸造与层状铸造Al-Cu铸锭中Cu偏析值和铸锭中心线上Cu分布比较[89]
图17  采用传统铸造工艺和层状铸造工艺制备的100 t钢锭中心线上宏观偏析分布曲线的数值模拟[88]
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