Mechanical Behaviors and Deformation Constitutive Equations of CrFeNi Medium-Entropy Alloys Under Tensile Conditions from 77 K to 1073 K

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00241

Acta Metall Sin

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (2): 277-288 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00241

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Mechanical Behaviors and Deformation Constitutive Equations of CrFeNi Medium-Entropy Alloys Under Tensile Conditions from 77 K to 1073 K

WANG Kai¹, JIN Xi¹, JIAO Zhiming², QIAO Junwei¹(

)

1.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
2.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China

Cite this article:

WANG Kai, JIN Xi, JIAO Zhiming, QIAO Junwei. Mechanical Behaviors and Deformation Constitutive Equations of CrFeNi Medium-Entropy Alloys Under Tensile Conditions from 77 K to 1073 K. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(2): 277-288.

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Abstract

Concentrated multicomponent alloys (CMCAs) or high/medium-entropy alloys (HEAs/MEAs) possess outstanding comprehensive properties, causing them to have the potential to be the next generation of structural materials. Phenomena occurring under dynamic tensile loading or high/low temperature of such alloys have been hardly investigated. However, its understanding is essentially needed in their application in automotive, aerospace, and military industries. Meanwhile, the suitable constitutive equations of CMCAs under such cases have been rarely investigated. In this work, the thermodynamic behavior of equiatomic CrFeNi MEA with single-phase fcc structure has been systematically investigated at strain rates from 10^-3 s^-1 to 1800 s^-1 and temperatures from 77 K to 1073 K. The results showed that as the deformation temperature decreased from 1073 K to 77 K, the yield stress was improved significantly from 125 MPa to 415 MPa. Meanwhile, the uniform elongation increased from 2% to 82%. The abnormal uniform elongation appearing at 673 K was closely related to dynamic strain aging. As the strain rate increased from 10^-3 s^-1 to 1800 s^-1 at a constant temperature of 77 K, the strength increased significantly (e.g., the yield stress increased from 415 MPa to 595 MPa), and the uniform elongation remained unchanged, still maintaining 68% at 1800 s^-1. After deformation, there were no second phases attributed to a large Ni amount in the alloys. Some deformation twins appeared at 77 K. Based on the experimental results, the relationship between yield stress and temperatures/strain rates could be successfully revealed using the ZA model. Moreover, regression analysis and constraint optimization established two phenomenological constitutive models (JC and KHL models) and three physically-based constitutive models (PB model, ZA model, and NNL model). JC and PB models had the highest and lowest description accuracy, respectively. Besides, the JC model was hard to describe the case that the work hardening decreased due to the change of temperature or strain rates, and the PB model was unsuitable in characterizing the complex work hardening behaviors.

Key words: medium-entropy alloy mechanical behavior high strain rate high/low temperature constitutive equation

Received: 10 June 2021

ZTFLH:

O341

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52271110);Opening Project of the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(KFJJ20-13M)

About author: QIAO Junwei, professor, Tel: 13643467172, E-mail: qiaojunwei@tyut.edu.cn

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	Kai WANG
	Xi JIN
	Zhiming JIAO
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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00241 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2023/V59/I2/277

Fig.1 Schematic of the split Hopkinson tensile bar

Fig.2 EBSD analyses of CrFeNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA) after 70% cold rolling followed by annealing at 1373 K for 10 min
(a) EBSD phase map
(b) EBSD inverse pole figure (IPF)
(c) EBSD band contrast map with Σ3 twin boundary showed by yellow lines
(d) XRD spectrum (a—lattice constant)
(e) grain size distribution map (D_ave—avearge grain size)
(f) misorientation angle distribution map

Fig.3 Mechanical properties of CrFeNi MEA at different deformation temperatures and strain rate of 10^-3 s^-1
(a) quasi-static tensile engineering stress-strain curves
(b) yield stress (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and uniform elongation (UE)
(c) true stress-strain curves
(d) corresponding work hardening rate-true strain curves

Fig.4 Mechanical properties of CrFeNi MEA at different strain rates and temperature of 77 K
(a) cryogenic tensile engineering stress-strain curves
(b) YS, UTS, and UE
(c) true stress-strain curves
(d) corresponding work hardening rate-true strain curves

Fig.5 Yield stresses, fitting curves, and comparisons between predicted results from ZA models and experimental results at different temperatures and strain rates
(a) experimental yield stress and corresponding fit curve at 10^-3 s^-1 from ZA model
(b) experimental yield stress and corresponding fit curve at 77 K from ZA model
(c) comparisons between predicted results from ZA model and experimental results of yield stress at 10^-3 s^-1
(d) comparisons between predicted results from ZA model and experimental results of yield stress at 77 K

Fig.6 XRD spectra of CrFeNi MEA after tension at different temperatures

Fig.7 EBSD band contrast maps of CrFeNi MEA after tension with Σ3 twin boundary (yellow lines)
(a) 77 K (b) 298 K (c) 473 K (d) 673 K (e) 873 K (f) 1073 K

Fig.8 Comparisons of experimental data and phenomenological constitutive model description under quasit-static loading (a, c) and cryogenic loading (b, d) ( $ε ˙$ —strain rate, T—temperature)
(a, b) JC model (c, d) KHL model

Fig.9 Comparisons of experimental data and physically-based constitutive model description under quasit-static loading (a, c, e) and cryogenic loading (b, d, f)

Fig.10 Description errors of experimental data for each constitutive model (strain rate—description error of experimental data obtained at constant temperatures and different strain rates; temperature—description error of experimental data obtained at constant strain rates and different temperatures; average—description error of all experimental data)

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