With the development of automotive industry, it is necessary to develop advanced high-strength steels for the purpose of lightweight of car. Based on the systematic studies on the strengthening and toughening as well as fatigue design of the twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels, the recent progress in this aspect is summarized and discussed. Among them, the strengthening and toughening mechanisms have been analyzed and further developed in terms of several influencing factors, including compositions, microstructure, strain rate and so on. Furthermore, the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue behaviors and damage mechanisms were explored. For better understanding the intrinsic fatigue damage mechanism, a new low-cycle fatigue prediction model regarding the hysteresis loop energy during cyclic deformation was introduced. It is found that the energy damage model can well explain and evaluate the fatigue damage mechanism and predict the low-cycle fatigue life of the TWIP steels and other materials. Based on the new fatigue damage model, new TWIP steels with high service performance can be developed by adjusting their deformation and damage mechanisms rationally.
Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51801216);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51771208);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1664253)
Fig.1 Engineering stress-strain curves for various twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels[7,8,9,10]Color online(a) Fe-30Mn-xC[7] (b) Fe-xMn-0.6C[8] (c) Fe-22Mn-0.6C-xAl[9] (d) Fe-18Mn-0.6C-xSi[10]
Fig.2 The overall tensile properties of Fe-Mn-C and Fe-Mn-Si-Al TWIP steels (in true stress-strain values)[9]Color online
Fig.3 Mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Al-Si steels in various conditions (CG—coarse grain)[14]Color online(a) tensile stress-strain curves of Fe-20Mn-3Al-3Si steel after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and annealing(b) relationship between tensile stress and uniform elongation of Fe-xMn-3Al-3Si steels after different processing conditions
Fig.4 Evading the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in TWIP steel through gradient hierarchical grains and nanotwins[16,17]Color online
Fig.5 The tensile stress-strain curves of Fe-22Mn-0.6C (a) and Fe-30Mn-3Si-2.6Al (b) TWIP steels under various strain rates[21]Color online
Fig.6 Strain rate () effect on the ultimate tensile strength and uniform elongation in DSA-facilitated and DSA-free TWIP steel (SF—stacking fault, DSA—dynamic strain ageing)[21]
Fig.7 Microstructure evolution of Fe-18Mn-0.6C steel during tension(a~c) electron channeling contrast (ECC) images photographed at strain 5% (a), 45% (b) and 80% (c)(d) TEM images photographed at strain 5%
Fig.8 Comparison of twinning evolution during tension in Fe-xMn-0.6C[24]Color online(a) fraction of twinned grain (b) twins cluster spacing
Fig.9 High-cycle fatigue properties of TWIP steel[26,29](a) S-N curves of the as-received and pre-deformed Fe-30Mn-0.9C TWIP steels[26](b) S-N curves of Fe-30Mn-0.9C and Fe-30Mn-0.3C TWIP steels[29]
Fig.10 Fatigue life prediction models and corresponding parameters[7](a) the Coffin-Manson curves(b) the Basquin curves(c) the hysteresis energy model
Fig.11 Comparison of fatigue crack growth rate between Fe-30Mn-0.9C and Fe-30Mn-0.3C TWIP steels[29](a) relationship between the fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) and stress intensity factor range (ΔK)(b) statistics results of fatigue striation spacing
Fig.12 Microscopic damage in TWIP steel under cyclic deformation (SB—slip band, GB—grain boundary)[7,8] (a~c) SEM images of surface damage features of Fe-18Mn-0.6C alloy after cyclic loading at the strain amplitudes of 0.3%, 49782 cyc (a), 1.0%, 3237 cyc (b) and 4.0%, 160 cyc (c) (d~f) TEM images of typical microstructure of Fe-30Mn-0.3C (d), Fe-30Mn-0.9C (e) and Fe-18Mn-0.6C (f) alloys after cyclic loading at the strain amplitude of 1%
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