Effects of Stacking Fault Energy on the Deformation Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties of Face-Centered Cubic Metals

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00548

Acta Metall Sin

2023, Vol. 59

Issue (4): 467-477 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00548

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Effects of Stacking Fault Energy on the Deformation Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties of Face-Centered Cubic Metals

ZHANG Zhefeng(

), LI Keqiang, CAI Tuo, LI Peng, ZHANG Zhenjun, LIU Rui, YANG Jinbo, ZHANG Peng

Shi -changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

Cite this article:

ZHANG Zhefeng, LI Keqiang, CAI Tuo, LI Peng, ZHANG Zhenjun, LIU Rui, YANG Jinbo, ZHANG Peng. Effects of Stacking Fault Energy on the Deformation Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties of Face-Centered Cubic Metals. Acta Metall Sin, 2023, 59(4): 467-477.

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Abstract

Stacking fault energy (SFE) can play a crucial role in plastic deformation and damage mechanisms of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. This study mainly summarized the following results: (1) With the reduction of SFE, the slip mode of fcc metals gradually changes from a facile cross-slip wavy mode to a planar mode until deformation twinning occurs; (2) The concept of effective SFE is applied to investigate the variation of SFE with dislocation density in the fcc metals, with the increase in dislocation density, the effective SFE increases; (3) The reduction of SFE is not the only factor determining the formation of deformation twins in fcc metals. In terms of calculating the competition between simulated slipping and twinning using the first principles, the critical criterion for forming deformation twinning in fcc metals was established; (4) The fatigue dislocation configuration of high-, medium-, and low-SFE fcc metals were analyzed and the judgment conditions for forming regular persistent slip bands (PSBs) are proposed; (5) With the increase in Al content, the SFE of Cu-Al alloy decreases, resulting in a simultaneous increasing trend in the tensile strength and the uniform elongation due to the increasing planar slip degree; (6) The exponential strain-hardening model can accurately describe the tensile strain-hardening process of Cu-Al alloys. The quantitative relationship among yield strength, tensile strength, and uniform elongation of Cu-Al alloy with different alloy compositions and microstructure states was successfully predicted; (7) With the increase in Al content, the fatigue strength of Cu-Al alloy is improved. Increasing Al content at the same strain amplitude will enhance its low-cycle fatigue life. Based on the experimental results above, it is shown that the alloy composition affects the deformation and damage mechanisms, and the evolution process of microscopic defects (dislocations, twins) in fcc metals and alloys. Thus, it drastically affects the tensile and fatigue properties of the fcc metals and alloys. These results provide experimental evidence and a theoretical basis for improving the mechanical properties and service reliability of fcc metals and alloys via alloy designing.

Key words: face-centered cubic metal stacking fault energy slip twinning strength plasticity fatigue strength

Received: 27 October 2022

ZTFLH:

TG135

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(52130002);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51901230)

Corresponding Authors: ZHANG Zhefeng, professor, Tel: (024)23971043, E-mail: zhfzhang@imr.ac.cn

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	ZHANG Zhefeng
	LI Keqiang
	CAI Tuo
	LI Peng
	ZHANG Zhenjun
	LIU Rui
	YANG Jinbo
	ZHANG Peng

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00548 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2023/V59/I4/467

Fig.1 Typical slip modes in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals
(a) wavy slip bands (b) planar slip bands
(c) wavy slip dislocation pattern (d) planar slip dislocation pattern
(e) illustration of wavy slip mode (f) illustration of planar slip mode

Table 1 Stacking fault energies of typical fcc metals^[3,7,11]

Fig.2 Schematic illustrations for competition of slipping and twining
(a) projection of fcc structure on the (111) plane^[25] ( b —Burgers vector, b_p1 and b_p2—partial Burgers vectors)
(b) generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE) variation with a complete slipping^[24] (γ_usf—unstable stacking fault energy, γ_isf—instinsic stacking fault energy)
(c) GSFE variation with deformation twinning^[24] (γ_utf—unstable twinning fault energy)

Fig.3 Illustration presents the transition from slipping to twinning for various fcc metals in α-β coordinate system ( $ϕ$ —angle from α + β = 2, α = γ_isf / γ_usf and β = γ_utf / γ_usf. The black line is a critical boundary, under which those metals or alloys can form deformation twinning (DT) by the twinning deformation mechanism, while over which these metals or alloys are very difficult to form DT. α + β = 2 is the critical criterion for the two competitive mechanisms between deformation twinning and slipping)^[25]

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the formation of persistent slip band ladders or not in different kinds of fcc metals or alloys^[29] (γ_sf—stacking fault energy, b—Burgers vector module, SF—stacking fault, PSB—persistent slip band)

Fig.5 Influences of stacking fault energy (SFE) and crystallographic orientation on the fatigue cracking modes along twin boundaries (TBs) or slip bands (SBs)^[35,36] (A: Cu; B: Cu-10%Zn; C: Cu-5%Al; D: Cu-8%Al; E: Cu-32%Zn; F: Cu-16%Al)

Fig.6 Trade-off relation between tensile strength and uniform elongation of pure Cu and Cu-Al alloys with different Al contents and grain sizes^[37] (CG—course grain, FG—fine grain, UFG—ultra-fine grain, NG—nano grain, SISP—synchronously improved strength and plasticity)

Fig.7 Fundamental low cycle fatigue (ultra-low cycle fatigue) properties of pure Cu and Cu-Al alloys^[37]
(a) cyclic hardening curves (total strain amplitude Δε / 2 = 8.0%)
(b) strain-life (E-N) curves
(c) change of W_a with the number of cycle N (Δε / 2 = 8.0%, W_a—hysteresis energy)
(d) hysteresis energy-life (W-N) curves (W_s—saturated hysteresis energy)

Fig.8 Relationships between ultimate tensile strength and fatigue strength of pure Cu and Cu-Al alloys
(a) relationships between fatigue strength and tensile strength (CR—cold rolling, AN—annealing, FSP—friction stir processing, SPD—severe plastic deformation, ECAP—equal channel angular processing, MG—micro grain, HPT—high pressure torsion)^{[37,38,46,47]}
(b) relationships between fatigue strength and yield strength^[38]

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