Study of the Reaction Layer of Ti and Al Dissimilar Alloys by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00022

Acta Metall Sin

2019, Vol. 55

Issue (11): 1407-1416 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00022

Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search

Study of the Reaction Layer of Ti and Al Dissimilar Alloys by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

TIAN Yinbao,SHEN Junqi (

),HU Shengsun,GOU Jian

Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China

Cite this article:

TIAN Yinbao , SHEN Junqi , HU Shengsun , GOU Jian. Study of the Reaction Layer of Ti and Al Dissimilar Alloys by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing. Acta Metall Sin, 2019, 55(11): 1407-1416.

Download:

HTML

PDF(15682KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

The wire and arc additive manufactured Ti/Al dissimilar alloys can be used in the aerospace and automobile industries. For some parts, Ti alloy was replaced by Al alloy, which reduced the weight and cost. The additive manufactured Ti/Al dissimilar alloys had the advantages of two materials and remedied the each other's shortcomings. In this study, TC4 and ER2319 wires were deposited by direct current cold metal transfer (CMT) and variable polarity-CMT+pulse mode, respectively, to realize the wire and arc additive manufacturing for Ti/Al dissimilar alloys. The arc shape, droplet transfer, voltage and current were captured by high speed camera and electrical signal acquisition system. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al component were analyzed by OM, SEM, TEM, EDS, hardness test and tensile test. The results showed that the variable polarity-CMT+pulse welding process included the positive pulse periods and negative CMT periods. During the positive pulse periods, the arc concentrated at the end of welding wire. During the negative CMT periods, the heat input was low, which had a cooling effect on component. The reaction layer in the component included the interface layer and transition layer. The thickness of TiAl₃ interfacial layer was 10 μm. The hardness of reaction layer was between that of Ti and Al alloys. The crack was formed in the interface layer. The average tensile strength was approximately 65 MPa. All samples fractured in the interface layer. The fracture mode was brittle fracture.

Key words: Ti alloy Al alloy variable polarity cold metal transfer plus pulse additive manufacturing

Received: 25 January 2019

ZTFLH:

TG146.2

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51575381);Tianjin Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology(15JCZDJC38600)

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	（）
	Articles by authors
	TIAN Yinbao
	SHEN Junqi
	HU Shengsun
	GOU Jian

URL:

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00022 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2019/V55/I11/1407

Table 1 Nominal chemical compositions of the substrates and filler materials (mass fraction / %)

Fig.1 Sampling positions(a) microstructural examinations(b) tensile tests (unit: mm)

Fig.2 Current and voltage waveforms during the deposition process for the first Al alloy layer (EN-CMT—electrode negative cold metal transfer)

Fig.3 Droplet transfer processes of the first Al alloy layer (Arrows indicate the movement directions of the wire)(a) pulse period (b) EN-CMT period

Fig.4 OM image of Ti/Al wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) component (a), SEM images of areas II (b), III (c) and IV (d) in Fig.4a

Table 2 EDS analysis results for different positions in the WAAM component

Fig.5 High magnified SEM image of area II in Fig.4a (a) and corresponding element distributions for Al (b), Ti (c) and Cu (d)Color online

Fig.6 TEM analyses of area II in Fig.4a(a) TEM image of net shape phase (b) electron diffraction pattern of circle area in Fig.6a(c) TEM image of long strip phase (d) electron diffraction pattern of circle area in Fig.6c

Fig.7 Schematic of the formation of Ti/Al reaction layer(a) interdiffusion of Ti and Al atoms (b) formation of TiAl₃ in area III in Fig.4a(c) formation of TiAl₃ and Al₂Cu in area II in Fig.4a (d) solidification of Al alloy

Fig.8 SEM image of crack in reaction layer of WAAM component

Fig.9 Low (a) and locally high (b) magnified SEM images of fracture surface

Fig.10 Hardness distributions near the interface layer of WAAM component

[1]	LiN, HuangS, ZhangG D, et al. Progress in additive manufacturing on new materials: A review [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35: 242
[2]	YuJ, WangJ J, NiD R, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of additive manufactured 2319 alloy by electron beam freeform fabrication [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2018, 54: 1725
[2]	于菁, 王继杰, 倪丁瑞等. 电子束熔丝沉积快速成形2319铝合金的微观组织与力学性能 [J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54: 1725
[3]	ZuoH S, LiH J, QiL H, et al. Influence of interfacial bonding between metal droplets on tensile properties of 7075 aluminum billets by additive manufacturing technique [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32: 485
[4]	XiongJ, LiR, LeiY Y, et al. Heat propagation of circular thin-walled parts fabricated in additive manufacturing using gas metal arc welding [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 251: 12
[5]	HorgarA, FostervollH, Nyhus, B, et al. Additive manufacturing using WAAM with AA5183 wire [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 259: 68
[6]	HadenC V, ZengG, CarterIII F M, et al. Wire and arc additive manufactured steel: Tensile and wear properties [J]. Addit. Manuf., 2017, 16: 115
[7]	WuB T, DingD H, PanZ X, et al. Effects of heat accumulation on the arc characteristics and metal transfer behavior in wire arc additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 250: 304
[8]	ZhangE L, WangX Y, HanY. Research status of biomedical porous Ti and its alloy in China [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2017, 53: 1555
[8]	张二林, 王晓燕, 憨勇. 医用多孔Ti及钛合金的国内研究现状 [J]. 金属学报, 2017, 53: 1555
[9]	JinP, SuiR, LiF X, et al. Reactive wetting of TC4 titanium alloy by molten 6061 Al and 4043 Al alloys [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2017, 53: 479
[9]	靳鹏, 隋然, 李富祥等. 熔融6061/4043铝合金在TC4钛合金表面的反应润湿 [J]. 金属学报, 2017, 53: 479
[10]	QiZ W, CongB Q, QiB J, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of double-wire+arc additively manufactured Al-Cu-Mg alloys [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 255: 347
[11]	WangY, WangJ. Microstructure and mechanical properties of TIG welded-brazed joint of dissimilar Al/Ti alloy [J]. Heat Treat. Met., 2017, 42(2): 44
[11]	王勇, 王敬. Al/Ti异种金属TIG熔钎焊接头的显微组织及力学性能 [J]. 金属热处理, 2017, 42(2): 44
[12]	LiJ Z, SunQ J, LiuY B, et al. Cold metal transfer welding-brazing of pure titanium TA2 to aluminum alloy 6061-T6 [J]. Adv. Eng. Mater., 2017, 19: 1600494
[13]	FengJ C, ZhangH T, HeP. The CMT short-circuiting metal transfer process and its use in thin aluminium sheets welding [J]. Mater. Des., 2009, 30: 1850
[14]	ChenS J, WangX, YuanT, et al. Research on prediction method of liquation cracking susceptibility to magnesium alloy welds [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2018, 54: 1735
[14]	陈树君, 王宣, 袁涛等. 镁合金焊缝液化裂纹敏感性及预测方法探究 [J]. 金属学报, 2018, 54: 1735
[15]	TianY B, ShenJ Q, HuS S, et al. Effects of ultrasonic peening treatment on surface quality of CMT-welds of Al alloys [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 254: 193
[16]	XieC J, YangS L, LiuH B, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of robot cold metal transfer Al5.5Zn2.5Mg2.2Cu aluminium alloy joints [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 255: 507
[17]	CongB Q, OuyangR J, QiB J, et al. Influence of cold metal transfer process and its heat input on weld bead geometry and porosity of aluminum-copper alloy welds [J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2016, 45: 606
[18]	TianY B, ShenJ Q, HuS S, et al. Effects of ultrasonic vibration in the CMT process on welded joints of Al alloy [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 259: 282
[19]	PangJ, HuS S, ShenJ Q, et al. Arc characteristics and metal transfer behavior of CMT+P welding process [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 238: 212
[20]	ChenM A, ZhangD, WuC S. Current waveform effects on CMT welding of mild steel [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 243: 395
[21]	PickinC G, YoungK. Evaluation of cold metal transfer (CMT) process for welding aluminium alloy [J]. Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining, 2006, 11: 583
[22]	GungorB, KalucE, TabanE, et al. Mechanical and microstructural properties of robotic cold metal transfer (CMT) welded 5083-H111 and 6082-T651 aluminum alloys [J]. Mater. Des., 2014, 54: 207
[23]	CaoR, YuG, ChenJ H, et al. Cold metal transfer joining aluminum alloys-to-galvanized mild steel [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2013, 213: 1753
[24]	SunQ J, LiJ Z, LiuY B, et al. Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of Al/Ti joint welded by CMT method-assisted hybrid magnetic field [J]. Mater. Des., 2017, 116: 316
[25]	JiH, DengY L, XuH Y, et al. The influence of welding line energy on the microstructure and property of CMT overlap joint of 5182-O and HC260YD+Z [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2019, 55: 376
[25]	吉华, 邓运来, 徐红勇等. 焊接线能量对5182-O/HC260YD+Z异种材料CMT搭接接头组织与性能的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55: 376
[26]	ZhangC, LiY F, GaoM, et al. Wire arc additive manufacturing of Al-6Mg alloy using variable polarity cold metal transfer arc as power source [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, A711: 415
[27]	GuJ L, DingJ L, WilliamsS W, et al. The effect of inter-layer cold working and post-deposition heat treatment on porosity in additively manufactured aluminum alloys [J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 230: 26
[28]	GuJ L, DingJ L, WilliamsS W, et al. The strengthening effect of inter-layer cold working and post-deposition heat treatment on the additively manufactured Al-6.3Cu alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, A651: 18
[29]	OnuikeB, BandyopadhyayA. Additive manufacturing of Inconel 718-Ti6Al4V bimetallic structures [J]. Addit. Manuf., 2018, 22: 844
[30]	HinojosA, MirelesJ, ReichardtA, et al. Joining of Inconel 718 and 316 stainless steel using electron beam melting additive manufacturing technology [J]. Mater. Des., 2016, 94: 17
[31]	CuiQ L. Microstructure and mechanical properties of TIG weldedbrazed joint of pre-coating titanium and aluminum alloy [J]. Trans. China Weld. Inst., 2016, 37(10): 125
[31]	崔庆龙. 预镀层钛合金与铝合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面组织及力学性能分析 [J]. 焊接学报, 2016, 37(10): 125
[32]	WangP. Study on CMT welding process of Mg/Al dissimilar metals based on the control of energy input process [D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2017
[32]	王鹏. 基于CMT焊接能量输入过程控制的镁/铝异种金属焊接研究 [D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2017
[33]	LüS X, YangT, HuangY X, et al. Interface characteristics and facture behavior of TIG arc welding-brazed Ti/Al dissimilar alloys [J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2013, 42: 478
[33]	吕世雄, 杨涛, 黄永宪等. Ti/Al TIG微熔钎焊界面行为及接头断裂行为 [J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2013, 42: 478
[34]	WeiS Z, LiY J. Welding defects and improving technologies during fusion welding of Ti/Al dissimilar lightweight alloys [J]. Weld. Technol., 2014, 43(4): 59
[34]	魏守征, 李亚江. 钛/铝异种轻金属熔焊缺陷及解决工艺 [J]. 焊接技术, 2014, 43(4): 59
[35]	SomashekaraM A, NaveenkumarM, KumarA, et al. Investigations into effect of weld-deposition pattern on residual stress evolution for metallic additive manufacturing [J]. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2017, 90: 2009
[36]	WeiS Z, LiY J, WangJ, et al. Effect of pulsed current on interfacial microstructure during welding-brazing of Ti/Al dissimilar alloys [J]. Trans. China Weld. Inst., 2015, 36(10): 49
[36]	魏守征, 李亚江, 王娟等. 脉冲电流对钛/铝异种金属熔钎焊界面特征的影响 [J]. 焊接学报, 2015, 36(10): 49
[37]	MaZ P, YuX L, MengQ W. Microstructure and fracture behavior of arc welding-brazing joints between titanium and aluminum dissimilar alloys [J]. Chin. J. Nonferrous Met., 2015, 25: 3067
[37]	马志鹏, 于心泷, 孟庆武. 钛/铝异种合金电弧熔钎焊接接头的组织与断裂行为 [J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2015, 25: 3067

[1]	LU Nannan, GUO Yimo, YANG Shulin, LIANG Jingjing, ZHOU Yizhou, SUN Xiaofeng, LI Jinguo. Formation Mechanisms of Hot Cracks in Laser Additive Repairing Single Crystal Superalloys[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(9): 1243-1252.
[2]	MU Yahang, ZHANG Xue, CHEN Ziming, SUN Xiaofeng, LIANG Jingjing, LI Jinguo, ZHOU Yizhou. Modeling of Crack Susceptibility of Ni-Based Superalloy for Additive Manufacturing via Thermodynamic Calculation and Machine Learning[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(8): 1075-1086.
[3]	SUN Rongrong, YAO Meiyi, WANG Haoyu, ZHANG Wenhuai, HU Lijuan, QIU Yunlong, LIN Xiaodong, XIE Yaoping, YANG Jian, DONG Jianxin, CHENG Guoguang. High-Temperature Steam Oxidation Behavior of Fe22Cr5Al3Mo-xY Alloy Under Simulated LOCA Condition[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(7): 915-925.
[4]	WU Dongjiang, LIU Dehua, ZHANG Ziao, ZHANG Yilun, NIU Fangyong, MA Guangyi. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(6): 767-776.
[5]	XU Linjie, LIU Hui, REN Ling, YANG Ke. Effect of Cu on In-Stent Restenosis and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Ti Alloy[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 577-584.
[6]	LI Shujun, HOU Wentao, HAO Yulin, YANG Rui. Research Progress on the Mechanical Properties of the Biomedical Titanium Alloy Porous Structures Fabricated by 3D Printing Technique[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(4): 478-488.
[7]	TANG Weineng, MO Ning, HOU Juan. Research Progress of Additively Manufactured Magnesium Alloys: A Review[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(2): 205-225.
[8]	HOU Xuru, ZHAO Lin, REN Shubin, PENG Yun, MA Chengyong, TIAN Zhiling. Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Marine High Strength Steel Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(10): 1311-1323.
[9]	LI Xiaobing, QIAN Kun, SHU Lei, ZHANG Mengshu, ZHANG Jinhu, CHEN Bo, LIU Kui. Effect of W Content on the Phase Transformation Behavior in Ti-42Al-5Mn- xW Alloy[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(10): 1401-1410.
[10]	LI Huizhao, WANG Caimei, ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Jianjun, HE Peng, SHAO Minghao, ZHU Xiaoteng, FU Yiqin. Research Progress of Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing Technology[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(1): 106-124.
[11]	FANG Yuanzhi, DAI Guoqing, GUO Yanhua, SUN Zhonggang, LIU Hongbing, YUAN Qinfeng. Effect of Laser Oscillation on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Melting Deposition Titanium Alloys[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(1): 136-146.
[12]	ZHANG Baicheng, ZHANG Wenlong, QU Xuanhui. Composition Design of Additive Manufacturing Materials Based on High Throughput Preparation[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(1): 75-86.
[13]	SONG Bo, ZHANG Jinliang, ZHANG Yuanjie, HU Kai, FANG Ruxuan, JIANG Xin, ZHANG Xinru, WU Zusheng, SHI Yusheng. Research Progress of Materials Design for Metal Laser Additive Manufacturing[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(1): 1-15.
[14]	GE Jinguo, LU Zhao, HE Siliang, SUN Yan, YIN Shuo. Anisotropy in Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 2Cr13 Alloy Produced by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(1): 157-168.
[15]	SUN Tengteng, WANG Hongze, WU Yi, WANG Mingliang, WANG Haowei. Effect ofIn Situ 2%TiB₂ Particles on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2024Al Additive Manufacturing Alloy[J]. 金属学报, 2023, 59(1): 169-179.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed