Formation and Evolution of Defects in Tungsten Materials

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00042

Acta Metall Sin

2025, Vol. 61

Issue (4): 526-540 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00042

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Formation and Evolution of Defects in Tungsten Materials

LUO Laima¹^,²^,³(

), WEI Guoqing¹^,²^,³, LIU Zhen¹, ZHU Xiaoyong¹^,³, WU Yucheng¹^,²^,³

1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
2 Engineering Research Center for High-Performance Copper Alloys and Forming Processing of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
3 National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Nonferrous Metals and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China

Cite this article:

LUO Laima, WEI Guoqing, LIU Zhen, ZHU Xiaoyong, WU Yucheng. Formation and Evolution of Defects in Tungsten Materials. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(4): 526-540.

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Abstract

Tungsten material is an industrially important material owing to its high density, high melting point, excellent hardness, and wear resistance. Crystal defects (e.g., dislocations and vacancies) are common in its structure, thereby influencing the performance of tungsten materials. Therefore, controlling these defects is crucial for enhancing their performance. A deep understanding of how defects form and evolve serves as a theoretical basis for controlling them. This article reviews the mechanisms of defect formation and research advancements in tungsten materials from two key perspectives: defect introduction during the sintering process and through stress effects. Accordingly, this study explores defects in tungsten materials from the viewpoint of preparation and processing, summarizing recent advancements and prospects in related fields, aiming to provide a valuable reference for future research on tungsten materials.

Key words: tungsten material defect sintering plastic deformation crystal defect

Received: 04 February 2024

ZTFLH:

TG146.1

Fund: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFE03120002, 2022YFE03140000);Major Basic Research Project of Anhui Province(2023z04020006)

Corresponding Authors: LUO Laima, professor, Tel: 13685512719, E-mail: luolaima@126.com

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00042 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2025/V61/I4/526

Fig.1 Defects generated during sintering process in tungsten materials

Fig.2 Schematic of the relationship between the formation of point defects by impurity atoms, strengthening/embrittling energies (ΔE_SE) at different W grain boundaries, and the radius of heteroatoms, as well as typical examples of the segregation energy (E_seg) and strengthening energy at transition metal atomic grain boundaries
(a) three-dimensional schematic of impurity atoms embedded in the matrix lattice
(b) point defects formed by impurity atoms
(c) dependence of ΔE_SE on the metallic radii of solutes at their most favorable positions for Σ3(112), Σ5(310), Σ3(111), Σ5(210), and Σ11(323) GBs^[38] (γ—GB energy)
(d) E_seg and the strengthening energies ΔE_SE for 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals (TM) atoms in different positions of a typical Σ3(111) GB^[38]

Fig.3 Interface relationship between secondary phase and tungsten matrix and examples
(a) schematic of differences between metal and oxide^[70] (F represents force)
(b) HRTEM images of small particles within Y₂O₃ grains (b1, b2), W and Y₂O₃ interface (b3, b4), and small particles within W grains (b5, b6)^[87]
(c) HRTEM image of the TiC/W interface (c1), the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) patterns of areas marked by blue and red dash-line in Fig.3c1, respectively (c2, c3), the parallelism between (

1 ¯ 1 1 ¯

)_TiC and (

1 ¯ 10

)_W (c4, c5), and the constructed TiC/W interface supercell (c6)^[92]

Fig.4 Examples of plastic deformation process and microstructure of W
(a-c) examples of plastic deformation processes for W (HERF—high-energy-rate forging)
(d) schematic summarizing the microstructure evolution of HERF-W during the HERF process^[100]
(e) schematic of W after plastic deformation^[101]

Fig.5 Summaries of tensile properties of W and tungsten alloys
(a) Nil ductility temperature (NDT)-ultimate tensile strength (UTS) summary (SPS—spark plasma sintering)^{[64,88,91,97,100,102-106]}
(b) total elongation (TE)-UTS at 100 ^oC^{[61,64,88,91,92,100,102-104]}

Fig.6 Types and migration characteristics of dislocations in W
(a) characteristics of dislocations in a W grain under the same zone axis of z = [

1 ¯

11] but different g vectors conditions^[100] (a1-a3) left: different two-beam bright-field TEM images of dislocation structures (a1-a3) right: the Burgers vectors of dislocations are highlighted using different colors. Black arrows indicate the edge or mixed-type dislocation based on the criterion of geometrical orientation relationship between a dislocation line and its Burgers vector (b) TEM images of cold-rolled tungsten in the as-rolled, 1200 ^oC annealed, and 1400 ^oC annealed conditions^[119] (b1-b3) overview (b4-b6) dislocation structure (b7-b9) grain boundaries (c1) deformation velocity of W with screw or edge dislocations as a function of dislocation density^[119] (c2) deformation velocity of W with screw dislocations as a function of temperature^[119] (c3) deformation velocity of W with edge dislocations as a function of temperature^[119]

Fig.7 Formation and mechanism of twinning in W

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