Research Progress in Age-Hardenable Mg-Sn Based Alloys

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00049

Acta Metall Sin

2019, Vol. 55

Issue (10): 1231-1242 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00049

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Research Progress in Age-Hardenable Mg-Sn Based Alloys

SHI Zhangzhi^1,²(

),ZHANG Min³,HUANG Xuefei⁴,LIU Xuefeng^1,^2,⁵,ZHANG Wenzheng⁶

1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2. Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3. School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
4. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
5. Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
6. Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Cite this article:

SHI Zhangzhi, ZHANG Min, HUANG Xuefei, LIU Xuefeng, ZHANG Wenzheng. Research Progress in Age-Hardenable Mg-Sn Based Alloys. Acta Metall Sin, 2019, 55(10): 1231-1242.

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Abstract

Mg-Sn based alloy system is a typical age-hardenable Mg alloy system with Mg₂Sn as the major precipitation phase. Eutectic temperature at Mg-rich end of Mg-Sn phase diagram is much higher than those of Mg-Al and Mg-Zn phase diagrams, which is comparable to that of Mg-RE phase diagram. So Mg-Sn based alloys are hopeful candidates of rare-earth free heat resistant Mg alloys with low cost. This paper systematically reviews research progress in age-hardenable Mg-Sn based alloys. The main second phase β-Mg₂Sn has a fcc structure with different lattice parameters reported, one of which the most frequently adopted is a_β≈0.676 nm, agreeing well with calculations of interfacial orientations. Twelve orientation relationships (ORs) between Mg₂Sn precipitates and Mg matrix have been identified. Those with similar morphologies, i.e., the same long axis direction or the same habit plane, are possibly related to different ORs. Addition of Zn benefits the appearance of β-Mg₂Sn precipitates inclined to the Mg basal plane, which are more effective to hinder dislocation movement on the basal plane and result in a greater strengthening effect. Effects of various alloying elements on age-hardening response and mechanical properties of Mg-Sn binary alloys have been summarized. Elements such as Zn, Al, Ag and Na can enhance age-hardening responses. Due to formation of highly thermal stable compounds with Sn, RE, Ca, Sr and Li exhibit negative effects. Consequently, alloy design of Mg-Sn based alloys faces more difficulties, requiring an in-depth investigation of phase transformation processes. Finally, future research directions have been specified.

Key words: Mg alloy age-hardenable alloy design solid-state phase transformation

Received: 25 February 2019

ZTFLH:

TG146.22

Fund: Foundation:National Natural Science Foundation of China(51601010)

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	Zhangzhi SHI
	Min ZHANG
	Xuefei HUANG
	Xuefeng LIU
	Wenzheng ZHANG

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2019.00049 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2019/V55/I10/1231

Fig.1 Schematics of crystal structure of Mg₂Sn

No.	OR	Morphology
1	{110}_β//(0001)_α, <001>_β//<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Basal lath, long axis //<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α^[24]
	<1 $1 ˉ$ 0>_β//< $1 ˉ$ 100>_α
2	{110}_β//{0001}_α, <1 $1 ˉ$ 1>_β//<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Basal lath, long axis about 3.0°^[18] or
	<1 $1 ˉ$ $2 ˉ$ >_β//< $1 ˉ$ 100>_α	10.2°^[25] away from < $1 ˉ$ 100>_α
3	{111}_β//{0001}_α, <1 $1 ˉ$ 0>_β//<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α,	(I) Basal faceted plate, side facets //{11 $2 ˉ$ }_β//{ $1 ˉ$ 100}_α;
	<11 $2 ˉ$ >_β//< $1 ˉ$ 100>_α	(II) Faceted particle, F1//{111}_β//(0001)_α,
		F2//{11 $3 ˉ$ }_β, F3//{115}_β^[23]; (III) Basal lath^[26]
4	{111}_β//{0001}_α, <11 $2 ˉ$ >_β//<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α,	(I) Basal lath; (II) Faceted particle^[24]
	< $1 ˉ$ 10>_β//< $1 ˉ$ 100>_α
5	{111}_β//{0001}_α,	Basal faceted plate, side facets //
	<1 $1 ˉ$ 0>_β about -9.2° from < $2 ˉ$ 110>_α	{7.05, $7.45 ˉ$ , 0.40}_β//{ $3.16 ˉ$ , 2.16, 1, 0}_α^[27]
6	{110}_β//{0001}_α, <1 $1 ˉ$ 0>_β//<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Basal lath, long axis //<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α^[28]
	<001>_β//<1 $1 ˉ$ 00>_α
7	{110}_β//{0001}_α, < $1 ˉ$ 12>_β//<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Basal lath, long axis //<11 $2 ˉ$ 0>_α^[28]
	< $1 ˉ$ 1 $1 ˉ$ >_β//<1 $1 ˉ$ 00>_α
8	<011>_β//<01 $1 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Inclined lath, when OR angle is 0.39°,
	{01 $1 ˉ$ }_β about 0.36°~1.20°	F1 (i.e., HP) //{011}_β//{01 $1 ˉ$ 0}_α,
	from {0001}_α OR angle of	F2//{1, 9.1, $9.1 ˉ$ }_β//{2, $1 ˉ$ , $1 ˉ$ , $38.3 ˉ$ }_α
	0.39° appears most frequently	(Major side facet, 4.7° from the basal plane)^[29]
9	<011>_β//<01 $1 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Inclined lath, long axis about 39° from the basal plane,
	{100}_β about -15.6° from {0001}_α	F1//{11 $1 ˉ$ }_β//{2 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 4}_α,
	RM: g{11 $1 ˉ$ }_β//g{2 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 4}_α,	F2//{3 $1 ˉ$ 1}_β//{ $2 ˉ$ 114}_α, F3//{100}_β//{ $2 ˉ$ , 1, 1, 12}_α,
	<011>_β//<01 $1 ˉ$ 0>_α	F4//{1 $3 ˉ$ 3}_β//{ $30 ˉ$ , 15, 15, $2 ˉ$ }_α^[17]
10	<0 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ >_β//<01 $1 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Inclined lath, long axis about 39° from the basal plane,
	{100}_β about 4.0° from { $2 ˉ$ 110}_α	F1//{ $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 1}_β//{2 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 4}_α,
	RM, twin OR with respect to OR9	F2//{1 $1 ˉ$ 1}_β//{ $2 ˉ$ 115}_α, F3//{100}_β//{ $18 ˉ$ , 9, 9, 2}_α^[17]
11	<011>_β//<2 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Inclined lath, long axis 79.6° from the basal plane,
	{1 $1 ˉ$ 1}_β about -15.4° from {0001}_α	F1//{53 $3 ˉ$ }_β//{0 $3 ˉ$ 31}_α,
	RM: g{53 $3 ˉ$ }_β//g{0 $3 ˉ$ 31}_α，	F2//{01 $1 ˉ$ }_β//{0 $2 ˉ$ 2 $3 ˉ$ }_α^[14,16]
	<011>_β//<2 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 0>_α
12	<011>_β//<2 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 0>_α,	Inclined faceted plate, F1//{51 $1 ˉ$ }_β//{01 $1 ˉ$ 4}_α,
	{11 $1 ˉ$ }_β about 13.7° from {0001}_α	which is 26.0° from the basal plane,
	RM: g{51 $1 ˉ$ }_β//g{01 $1 ˉ$ 4}_α，	F2 and F3 are 46.8° and 75.3° from the basal plane,
	<011>_β//<2 $1 ˉ$ $1 ˉ$ 0>_α	respectively^[14,16]

Table 1 Orientation relationships (ORs) between β-Mg₂Sn precipitates and α-Mg matrix, and morphologies of β-Mg₂Sn precipitates (An anti-clockwise rotation of β-lattice with respect to α-lattice is positive, and vice versa. The habit plane (HP) of basal laths or plates is parallel to (0001)_α, i.e., the basal plane of hcp Mg. RM refers to row matching, F denotes facet of precipitate, i.e., sharp flat interface between precipitate and matrix)^{[14,16,17,18,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]}

Fig.2 An example of Δg parallelism and row matching in Mg/Mg₂Sn solid-state phase transformation system

Fig.3 Explaining morphologies of different precipitates and their related ORs in Mg alloys through secondary coincidence site lattice (CCSL-II) model

Fig.4 OR11 type Mg₂Sn precipitate with row matching either in reciprocal or in real spaces^[16]

Fig.5 Effects of alloying elements on mechanical properties of Mg-Sn based alloys with data collected from Refs.[15,22,26,43,45~77] (T—Sn, A—Al, Z—Zn, Q—Ag, X—Ca, M—Mn, S—Si) (a) when ageing at 200 ℃, ageing peak time vs peak hardness

Table 2 Effects of alloying elements on age-hardening responses of Mg-Sn based alloys

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