<strong>TC4</strong>钛合金激光表面重熔层内拉伸变形$\{10\bar{1}2\}$孪晶形成机制及马氏体变体选择规律

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00286

金属学报

2026, Vol. 62

Issue (9): 1517-1527 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00286

研究论文

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

TC4钛合金激光表面重熔层内拉伸变形$\{10\bar{1}2\}$孪晶形成机制及马氏体变体选择规律

杨朋飞¹(

), 孙磊¹, 孙奇², 杨志远³, 赵元¹, 高英¹, 张嘉振⁴

1 浙江师范大学工学院金华 321004
2 西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院材料先进技术教育部重点实验室成都 610036
3 中材高新氮化物陶瓷有限公司淄博 255000
4 中国商用飞机有限责任公司北京民用飞机技术研究中心北京 102200

Formation Mechanism of $\{10\bar{1}2\}$ Twins and Selection Rule of Martensitic Variants During Tensile Deformation in TC4 Titanium Alloy Laser Surface Remelting Layer

YANG Pengfei¹(

), SUN Lei¹, SUN Qi², YANG Zhiyuan³, ZHAO Yuan¹, GAO Ying¹, ZHANG Jiazhen⁴

1 College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
2 Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610036, China
3 Sinoma Advanced Nitride Ceramics Co. Ltd., Zibo 255000, China
4 Beijing Aeronautical Science and Technology Research Institute of COMAC, Beijing 102200, China

引用本文:

杨朋飞, 孙磊, 孙奇, 杨志远, 赵元, 高英, 张嘉振. TC4钛合金激光表面重熔层内拉伸变形$\{10\bar{1}2\}$孪晶形成机制及马氏体变体选择规律[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(9): 1517-1527.
Pengfei YANG, Lei SUN, Qi SUN, Zhiyuan YANG, Yuan ZHAO, Ying GAO, Jiazhen ZHANG. Formation Mechanism of $\{10\bar{1}2\}$ Twins and Selection Rule of Martensitic Variants During Tensile Deformation in TC4 Titanium Alloy Laser Surface Remelting Layer[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(9): 1517-1527.

全文: PDF(3213 KB) HTML

摘要:

激光表面重熔(LSR)技术能够显著提升TC4钛合金的力学性能。深入研究LSR过程中TC4钛合金的显微组织演变规律及其对后续拉伸变形机制的影响，对于进一步优化 LSR 工艺至关重要。本工作在全马氏体TC4试样的正面和背面进行LSR处理，随后开展拉伸实验，利用TEM和EBSD技术分析了材料在拉伸过程中的微观结构演变，特别是 ${10 1 ¯ 2}$ 孪晶的形成及其分布特征。结果表明，在LSR过程中，激光快速冷却特性显著诱发了残余应力，该效应不仅促进了特定型马氏体变体的优先生成，还降低了孪晶开启所需的临界分切应力；同时，激光处理时Al元素的蒸发降低了材料的轴比c / a，减弱了晶格的各向异性，进一步促进了 ${10 1 ¯ 2}$ 孪晶的形成。孪晶主要集中于几种具有特定取向的马氏体变体中，这些变体在快速冷却条件下显示出明显的择优生成趋势。

关键词 ： TC4钛合金, 激光表面重熔, 异质结构,

{10 1 ˉ 2}

孪晶')" href="#">

{10 1 ˉ 2}

孪晶, 全马氏体

Abstract：

Laser surface remelting (LSR) technology significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the TC4 titanium alloy. A comprehensive investigation into the microstructural evolution of TC4 alloy during LSR and its effects on subsequent tensile deformation mechanism is essential for optimizing LSR. In this study, LSR treatment was applied to both the front and back of full martensitic TC4 specimens, followed by tensile testing. TEM and EBSD were used to analyze the microstructural evolution during tensile deformation, focusing on the formation and distribution characteristics of ${10 1 ¯ 2}$ twins. The results show that rapid cooling during LSR induces significant residual stress. This in turn not only promotes the preferential formation of specific martensite variants but also lowers the critical shear stress required for twinning. In addition, the evaporation of aluminum during laser treatment decreases the c / a ratio of the TC4 alloy, weakens the anisotropy of the crystal lattice, and further promotes the formation of ${10 1 ¯ 2}$ twins. These twins are primarily concentrated in several martensite variants with specific orientations, exhibiting a clear tendency for preferential formation under rapid cooling conditions.

Key words： TC4 titanium alloy laser surface remelting heterostructure

{10 1 ˉ 2}

twin')" href="#">

{10 1 ˉ 2}

twin full martensite

收稿日期: 2024-08-19

ZTFLH:

TG178

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52475219);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(2682023ZTPY006);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(2682024GF00);四川省自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC0411)

通讯作者: 杨朋飞，yangpf@zjnu.edu.cn，主要从事增材制造钛合金的组织和性能研究

Corresponding author: YANG Pengfei, Tel: 15608083713, E-mail: yangpf@zjnu.edu.cn

作者简介: 杨朋飞，男，1996年生，博士

	服务

	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	作者相关文章
	杨朋飞
	孙磊
	孙奇
	杨志远
	赵元
	高英
	张嘉振
44.8K

链接本文:

https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00286 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2026/V62/I9/1517

图1 水淬-激光表面重熔(WQ-LSR)试样断口附近重熔层的EBSD表征结果

图2 WQ-LSR试样断口表面{101¯2}孪晶TEM像及选区电子衍射花样

图3 WQ-LSR试样拉伸断口EBSD取向分析

Matrix orientation in Euler angle / (°)	Twin type	Twin orientation in Euler angle / (°)	Twin variant
(93.7, 91.4, 45.0)	T1	(9.2, 74.2, 55.8)	( $1 ¯ 102$ )[ $1 1 ¯ 01$ ]
	T2	(178.6, 105.1, 0.0)	( $1 1 ¯ 02$ )[ $1 ¯ 101$ ]
	T4	(9.8, 134.9, 3.4)	( $1 ¯ 012$ )[ $10 1 ¯ 1$ ]
	T5	(168.5,164.6, 45.7)	( $0 1 ¯ 12$ )[ $01 1 ¯ 1$ ]
	T6	(32.7, 16.0, 30.6)	( $01 1 ¯ 2$ )[ $0 1 ¯ 11$ ]

表1 图3a中孪晶变体的分析结果

图4 WQ-LSR试样柱面滑移和基面滑移的Schmid因子分布图及统计图

图5 WQ试样柱面滑移和基面滑移的SF分布图及统计图

表2 WQ和WQ-LSR试样的STEM-EDS元素分析结果 (mass fraction / %)

Variant	Plane parallel	Direction parallel	Rotation angle/axis from V1
V1	$1 1 ¯ 0 β / / 0001 α$	$111 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	-
V2	$1 1 ¯ 0 β / / 0001 α$	$11 1 ¯ β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$10.53 ° / 0001$
V3	$110 β / / 0001 α$	$1 1 ¯ 1 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$90 ° / 1 2.38 ¯ 1.38 0$
V4	$110 β / / 0001 α$	$1 ¯ 11 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$90 ° / 1 2.38 ¯ 1.38 0$
V5	$10 1 ¯ β / / 0001 α$	$1 1 ¯ 1 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$60.83 ° / 1.377 ¯ 1 2.377 0.359$
V6	$10 1 ¯ β / / 0001 α$	$111 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$60 ° / 11 2 ¯ 0$
V7	$01 1 ¯ β / / 0001 α$	$1 ¯ 11 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$60.83 ° / 1.377 ¯ 1 2.377 0.359$
V8	$01 1 ¯ β / / 0001 α$	$111 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$60 ° / 11 2 ¯ 0$
V9	$011 β / / 0001 α$	$1 1 ¯ 1 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$63.26 ° / 10 ¯ 5 5 3 ¯$
V10	$011 β / / 0001 α$	$11 1 ¯ β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$60.83 ° / 1.377 ¯ 1 2.377 0.359$
V11	$101 β / / 0001 α$	$1 ¯ 11 β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$63.26 ° / 10 ¯ 5 5 3 ¯$
V12	$101 β / / 0001 α$	$11 1 ¯ β / / 11 2 ¯ 0 α$	$60.83 ° / 1.377 ¯ 1 2.377 0.359$

表3 TC4钛合金中通过Burgers取向关系由β→α相变产生的12种变体[9,23,24]

图6 WQ和WQ-LSR试样的初始β晶粒重构及α变体取向

表4 WQ和WQ-LSR试样中原始β晶粒及其12个α变体的Euler角与面积占比

图7 WQ和WQ-LSR试样的取向差角统计

表5 WQ和WQ-LSR试样变体α/α晶界长度占比统计

[1]	Li Y, Zhao Y Q, Zeng W D. Application and development of aerial titanium alloys [J]. Mater. Rep., 2020, 34(suppl.1) : 280
[1]	李毅, 赵永庆, 曾卫东. 航空钛合金的应用及发展趋势 [J]. 材料导报, 2020, 34(): 280
[2]	Liu Y, Qu Z D, Wang B X. Research development and application of Ti6Al4V alloy [J]. Ordnance Mater. Sci. Eng., 2005, 28(1): 47
[2]	刘莹, 曲周德, 王本贤. 钛合金TC4的研究开发与应用 [J]. 兵器材料科学与工程, 2005, 28(1): 47
[3]	Yang Z Y, Wen F M, Sun Q, et al. Strength-ductility improvement achieved by introducing heterostructured martensite in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy [J]. Mater. Charact., 2022, 192: 112230 doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112230
[4]	Pantawane M V, Sharma S, Sharma A, et al. Coarsening of martensite with multiple generations of twins in laser additively manufactured Ti6Al4V [J]. Acta Mater., 2021, 213: 116954 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116954
[5]	Karimi J, Xie M S, Wang Z, et al. Influence of substructures on the selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy as a function of laser re-melting [J]. J. Manuf. Processes, 2021, 68: 1387 doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.06.059
[6]	Akhtar A. Basal slip and twinning in α-titanium single crystals [J]. Metall. Trans. A, 1975, 6: 1105 doi: 10.1007/BF02661366
[7]	Ishiyama S, Hanada S, Izumi O. Orientation dependence of twinning in commercially pure titanium [J]. J. Jpn. Inst. Met. Mater., 1990, 54: 976
[8]	Dai J H, Wang T T, Chai L J, et al. Characterization and correlation of microstructure and hardness of Ti-6Al-4V sheet surface-treated by pulsed laser [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2020, 826: 154243 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154243
[9]	Ma J K, Zhang Y S, Li J J, et al. Variant selection within one β grain in laser solid formed Ti-6Al-4V alloys [J]. Mater. Charact., 2022, 185: 111744 doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2022.111744
[10]	Vrancken B, Thijs L, Kruth J P, et al. Heat treatment of Ti6Al4V produced by Selective Laser Melting: Microstructure and mechanical properties [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2012, 541: 177 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.07.022
[11]	Chai L J, Wu H, Zheng Z Y, et al. Microstructural characterization and hardness variation of pure Ti surface-treated by pulsed laser [J]. J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 741: 116 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.113
[12]	Yang J J, Yu H C, Yin J, et al. Formation and control of martensite in Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by selective laser melting [J]. Mater. Des., 2016, 108: 308 doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.117
[13]	Wei S L, Zhu G M, Tasan C C. Slip-twinning interdependent activation across phase boundaries: An in-situ investigation of a Ti-Al-V-Fe (α + β) alloy [J]. Acta Mater., 2021, 206: 116520 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.116520
[14]	Deng X G, Zhang D L, Jiao Q Y, et al. Schmid factor analysis of twinning behavior in Ti-2Al alloy [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2022, A844: 143201
[15]	Zhang H, Wei B Q, Ou X Q, et al. Enhancing { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twin boundary migration capability in Ti-Al solid solution alloys with increasing Al content [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 147: 217 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.10.080
[16]	Williams J C, Baggerly R G, Paton N E. Deformation behavior of HCP Ti-Al alloy single crystals [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2002, 33A: 837
[17]	Prakash D G L, Ding R, Moat R J, et al. Deformation twinning in Ti-6Al-4V during low strain rate deformation to moderate strains at room temperature [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2010, A527: 5734
[18]	Paton N E, Baggerly R G, Williams J C. Deformation and solid solution strengthening of titanium-aluminum single crystals [R]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Rockwell International Science Center, 1976
[19]	Zhang G W. Effect of Al content on microstructure and properties of TC4 fabricated by laser additive manufacturing [D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2018
[19]	张桂伟. Al含量对激光增材制造TC4组织及性能的影响 [D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2018
[20]	Juechter V, Scharowsky T, Singer R F, et al. Processing window and evaporation phenomena for Ti-6Al-4V produced by selective electron beam melting [J]. Acta Mater., 2014, 76: 252 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.037
[21]	Yu H, Cao S, Youssef S S, et al. Generalized stacking fault energies and critical resolved shear stresses of random α-Ti-Al alloys from first-principles calculations [J]. J. Alloy. Compd., 2021, 850: 156314 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156314
[22]	Kishida K, Kim J G, Nagae T, et al. Experimental evaluation of critical resolved shear stress for the first-order pyramidal c  +  a slip in commercially pure Ti by micropillar compression method [J]. Acta Mater., 2020, 196: 168 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.043
[23]	Beladi H, Chao Q, Rohrer G S. Variant selection and intervariant crystallographic planes distribution in martensite in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy [J]. Acta Mater., 2014, 80: 478 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.06.064
[24]	Yang Y, Liu Y J, Chen J, et al. Crystallographic features of α variants and β phase for Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by selective laser melting [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, A707: 548
[25]	Wang S C, Aindow M, Starink M J. Effect of self-accommodation on α/α boundary populations in pure titanium [J]. Acta Mater., 2003, 51: 2485 doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00035-1
[26]	Jeong S G, Karthik G M, Kim E S, et al. Architectured heterogeneous alloys with selective laser melting [J]. Scr. Mater., 2022, 208: 114332 doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114332
[27]	Simonelli M, Tse Y Y, Tuck C. On the texture formation of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V [J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2014, 45A: 2863
[28]	Ahmed T, Rack H J. Phase transformations during cooling in α + β titanium alloys [J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1998, A243: 206
[29]	Zhang Q, Xie J W, Gao Z Y, et al. A metallurgical phase transformation framework applied to SLM additive manufacturing processes [J]. Mater. Des., 2019, 166: 107618 doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107618
[30]	Stephenson P L, Haghdadi N, DeMott R, et al. Effect of scanning strategy on variant selection in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V [J]. Addit. Manuf., 2020, 36: 101581
[31]	Zhang J H, Xu D S, Wang Y Z, et al. Influences of dislocations on nucleation and micro-texture formation of α phase in Ti-6Al-4V alloy [J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2016, 52: 905
[31]	张金虎, 徐东生, 王云志等. 位错对Ti-6Al-4V合金α相形核及微织构形成的影响 [J]. 金属学报, 2016, 52: 905 doi: 10.11900/0412.1961.2016.00053
[32]	Shi R, Wang Y. Variant selection during α precipitation in Ti-6Al-4V under the influence of local stress—A simulation study [J]. Acta Mater., 2013, 61: 6006 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.042
[33]	Qiu D, Shi R, Zhang D, et al. Variant selection by dislocations during α precipitation in α/β titanium alloys [J]. Acta Mater., 2015, 88: 218 doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.044
[34]	Iracheta O, Bennett C J, Sun W. A sensitivity study of parameters affecting residual stress predictions in finite element modelling of the inertia friction welding process [J]. Int. J. Solids Struct., 2015, 71: 180 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.06.018
[35]	Payares-Asprino M C, Katsumoto H, Liu S. Effect of martensite start and finish temperature on residual stress development in structural steel welds [J]. Weld. J., 2008, 87: 279

[1]	王建峰, 许珍木, 刘战, 高转妮, 占小红. 超声振动对TC4钛合金窄间隙激光焊接组织及强化机理的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2026, 62(3): 406-420.
[2]	张洺川, 徐勤思, 刘意, 蔡雨升, 牟义强, 任德春, 吉海宾, 雷家峰. 热压温度对TC4合金扩散连接区组织与性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(8): 1183-1192.
[3]	赵焯雅, 孟令健, 林鹏, 曹晓卿. TC4钛合金跨相区连续热压缩 α 相组织演变规律及织构形成机理[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(5): 717-730.
[4]	钟云波, 时培建. 多级层片异构设计构筑超高强塑性金属材料[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(11): 1593-1602.
[5]	胡晨, 潘帅, 黄明欣. 高强高韧异质结构温轧TWIP钢[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(11): 1519-1526.
[6]	林研, 司丞, 徐京豫, 刘泽, 张诚, 柳林. 选区激光熔化高强韧铝合金的异质结构调控及力学性能[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(11): 1509-1518.
[7]	许擎栋, 李克俭, 蔡志鹏, 吴瑶. 脉冲磁场对TC4钛合金微观结构的影响及其机理探究[J]. 金属学报, 2019, 55(4): 489-495.
[8]	刘国怀, 李天瑞, 徐莽, 付天亮, 李勇, 王昭东, 王国栋. 累积叠轧TC4钛合金的组织演化与力学性能[J]. 金属学报, 2017, 53(9): 1038-1046.
[9]	高玉魁. 不同表面改性强化处理对TC4钛合金表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响^*[J]. 金属学报, 2016, 52(8): 915-923.
[10]	姬书得,温泉,马琳,李继忠,张利. TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊厚度方向的显微组织^*[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51(11): 1391-1399.
[11]	林英华, 雷永平, 符寒光, 林健. Ni添加对TiB₂/TiB钛基复合涂层组织与力学性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2014, 50(12): 1520-1528.
[12]	林英华, 雷永平, 符寒光, 林健. 激光原位制备硼化钛与镍钛合金增强钛基复合涂层[J]. 金属学报, 2014, 50(12): 1513-1519.
[13]	谭向虎,单际国,任家烈. 镀Cr层对低碳钢/CFRP激光连接接头剪切强度及界面结合特征的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2013, 49(6): 751-756.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed