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金属学报  2025, Vol. 61 Issue (10): 1449-1468    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00396
  综述 本期目录 | 过刊浏览 |
冷喷涂后处理技术及其研究进展
刘瑞良(), 刘泉利, 李富霖
哈尔滨工程大学 材料科学与化学工程学院 超轻材料与表面技术教育部重点实验室 哈尔滨 150001
Post-Treatment Technologies of Cold Spray and Their Research Advance
LIU Ruiliang(), LIU Quanli, LI Fulin
Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
引用本文:

刘瑞良, 刘泉利, 李富霖. 冷喷涂后处理技术及其研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(10): 1449-1468.
Ruiliang LIU, Quanli LIU, Fulin LI. Post-Treatment Technologies of Cold Spray and Their Research Advance[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(10): 1449-1468.

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摘要: 

冷喷涂是一种利用超音速气流加速固态粉末粒子，通过高速撞击产生的塑性变形制备涂层或块体材料的固态沉积技术。在冷喷涂过程中材料始终保持固态，避免了热喷涂过程中由于高温引起的氧化、晶粒长大和相变等问题，适合温度敏感的材料(如Al、Cu和Ti等金属)；此外，冷喷涂技术还能制备一些传统方法难以制备的材料(如镍基高温合金和新型高熵合金等)及其涂层。因此，冷喷涂技术具有广泛的材料适用性，既可以用于修复和涂层制备，也可以用于增材制造。然而，通过冷喷涂技术制备的涂层或材料存在致密度低、组织不均匀以及涂层结合强度差等问题。通过粉末前处理、涂层和材料的后处理等方法可对涂层组织结构和性能进行有效调控，实现高质量涂层或材料的制备及高性能应用。基于此，本文对冷喷涂后处理技术的种类、特点及其研究进展进行了全面综述，内容涉及目前已报道的各种冷喷涂涂层和材料(纯金属及其合金、不锈钢、高熵合金及复合材料等)的后处理技术(热处理、激光重熔、感应重熔、热等静压、热轧、搅拌摩擦以及电脉冲等)，重点对各种冷喷涂后处理技术的优势、特点及存在的问题进行总结和分析，并对各后处理技术的发展方向进行展望。
关键词 ： 冷喷涂,  涂层,  增材制造,  后处理技术,  显微组织    
Abstract：

Cold spray is a solid deposition technology that utilises supersonic airflow to accelerate solid powder particles, facilitating the coating or fabrication of bulk materials through plastic deformation from high-speed impacts. During the cold spraying process, materials remain in a solid state, thus avoiding problems such as oxidation, grain growth, and phase transformation that can occur with high temperatures in thermal spraying. This makes cold spray particularly suitable for temperature-sensitive materials such as aluminium, copper, titanium, and other metals. In addition, this method can effectively deposit materials and coatings that are challenging to handle with traditional techniques including nickel-based high-temperature alloys and novel high-entropy alloys. Despite its many advantages, including its use with a wide range of materials for repairing and coating fabrication and its application to additive manufacturing, cold spray faces challenges such as low coating density, inhomogeneous microstructures, and weak adhesive coating strength. However, the microstructure and properties of coatings and materials can be effectively enhanced through the pretreatment of powders and/or post-treatment of the coatings and materials. This leads to the high-quality preparation and performance of coatings or materials. Under this context, this article provides a comprehensive review of the types, characteristics, and research advancements in post-treatment technologies for cold spraying. It covers various documented post-treatment methods, including heat treatment, laser remelting, induction remelting, hot isostatic pressing, hot rolling, friction stir, and electric pulse, applied to cold-sprayed coatings or materials, which encompass pure metals and their alloys, stainless steel, high-entropy alloys, and composite materials. Specifically, the article aims to summarize and analyze the advantages, characteristics, and existing challenges of various post-treatment technologies, while also exploring future research directions in this field.
Key words： cold spray    coating    additive manufacturing    post-treatment technology    microstructure
收稿日期: 2024-11-21     
ZTFLH:  TG174.4  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52371060);黑龙江省自然科学基金项目(LH2023E060)
通讯作者: 刘瑞良，liuruiliang@hrbeu.edu.cn，主要从事先进材料设计与表面改性研究
作者简介: 刘瑞良，男，1983年生，副教授，博士
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00396      或      https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2025/V61/I10/1449

图 1  热处理过程中致密和多孔冷喷涂涂层结构转变示意图[6]
图2  高温热处理过程中冷喷涂涂层中变形Ti6Al4V颗粒的显微组织演变[44]及退火过程中Cu晶粒变化[38]示意图
图3  不同温度、时间热处理后冷喷涂316L不锈钢涂层的微观组织演变[48]
图4  不同激光功率下重熔前/后Al-Si涂层截面形貌的SEM像[53]
图5  不同后处理工艺下IN718涂层表面形貌的SEM像[61]
图6  热等静压(HIP)前后Ti-48Al合金微观结构的SEM像[73]
图7  采用冷喷涂和热轧工艺制备Mg/Al复合板材流程图[81]
图8  冷喷涂-搅拌摩擦加工复合增材制造(CFAM)样品不同位置横截面的宏观形貌和EBSD分析[91]
图9  连续搅拌摩擦(FSP)处理过程中渐进涂层沉积的示意图[11]
图10  电脉冲处理(EPT)前后冷喷涂Cu沉积层的SEM像[14]
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