Tuning Local Chemical Order and Multiple Properties in High-Entropy Films via Interstitial Filling with Non-Metallic Small Atoms: A Percolation- Theory-Based Perspective

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00387

Acta Metall Sin

2026, Vol. 62

Issue (6): 993-1008 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00387

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Tuning Local Chemical Order and Multiple Properties in High-Entropy Films via Interstitial Filling with Non-Metallic Small Atoms: A Percolation- Theory-Based Perspective

LI Xiaona¹(

), WANG Xiao¹, WANG Dazhe², ZHENG Yuehong³, DONG Chuang¹^,⁴, P. K. LIAW⁵

1 Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
2 Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
4 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
5 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA

Cite this article:

LI Xiaona, WANG Xiao, WANG Dazhe, ZHENG Yuehong, DONG Chuang, P. K. LIAW. Tuning Local Chemical Order and Multiple Properties in High-Entropy Films via Interstitial Filling with Non-Metallic Small Atoms: A Percolation- Theory-Based Perspective. Acta Metall Sin, 2026, 62(6): 993-1008.

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Abstract

Interstitial filling with non-metallic small atoms (SAs) provides a crucial pathway for tuning the structure and properties of high-entropy films. Owing to their small atomic size, SAs preferentially occupy interstitial sites and, through their distinct chemical interactions with constituent metallic elements, induce changes in local chemical order (LCO). With increasing SAs content, high-entropy films exhibit a progressive transition from disordered interstitial solid solutions to locally ordered states, and eventually to ordered crystalline or amorphous structures, accompanied by pronounced property variations. Accordingly, this review focuses on high-entropy films and systematically summarizes the effects of SAs filling on crystal structure, LCO, and mechanical, magnetic, and electrical properties. A percolation-theory framework is introduced, in which different LCO types are treated as percolating units with characteristic properties, thereby establishing intrinsic correlations between LCO content and macroscopic property evolution. On this basis, the commonalities and distinctions among different SAs in regulating material properties are summarized and compared. Finally, an outlook on future research directions is provided.

Key words: high-entropy film crystal structure local chemical ordering percolation theory hardness magnetic property electrical resistivity

Received: 24 November 2025

ZTFLH:

TG139

Fund: Sino-Russian Cooperative Research Project Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2412042);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT24LAB116)

Corresponding Authors: LI Xiaona, professor, Tel: (0411)84708389, E-mail: lixiaona@dlut.edu.cn

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	WANG Xiao
	WANG Dazhe
	ZHENG Yuehong
	DONG Chuang
	P. K. LIAW

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2025.00387 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2026/V62/I6/993

Fig.1 Common types of crystal structures after non-metallic small atoms (SAs) interstitial filling: rock-salt structure, fluorite structure, spinel structure, and perovskite structure

Fig.2 Schematics of typical diffraction features in reciprocal space for local chemical ordering (LCO) at different length scales in an fcc alloy
(a) diffuse disk corresponding to short-range order (SRO)^[12]
(b) weak diffraction spot corresponding to medium-range order (MRO)^[13]
(c) bright diffraction spot corresponding to long-range order (LRO)^[14]

Fig.3 Schematic illustration of the polyamorphous transition mechanism in high-entropy metallic glasses^[18]: two distinct types of SRO exist in the liquid state; rapid quenching forms a high energy glassy state I, which transforms into a low energy glassy state II upon heating as SRO units interconnect to form MRO; slow cooling leads to the formation of a stable two-phase crystalline structure (Red and blue circles represent the two different types of SRO structures)

Structure	z	v	p $c s i t e$	p $c b o n d$	z·p $c b o n d$	v·p $c s i t e$
fcc	12	0.7405	0.198	0.119	1.43	0.147
bcc	8	0.6802	0.245	0.179	1.43	0.167
Simple cubic	6	0.5236	0.311	0.247	1.48	0.163
Diamond	4	0.3401	0.428	0.388	1.55	0.146

Table 1 Relationships among percolation threshold, coordination number (z), and filling factor (v) in different crystal lattice systems^[33]

Fig.4 Atom probe tomography elemental mapping of (TiNbZr)₈₆O₁₂C₁N₁ film (a), one-dimensional compositional profile along the arrow direction in Fig.4a (b), engineering stress-strain curves from microcompression testing (c), and load-displacement curves measured via cantilever beam bending (d)^[45] (Inset in Fig.4c shows the O-12 massive interstitial solid solution (MISS) alloy pillar prior to compression; inset in Fig.4d shows the position of the diamond indenter tool, deforming the O-12 cantilever)

Fig.5 Ashby-type maps of hardness (H) vs Young's modulus (E) for high-entropy films incorporating different SAs (Data are sourced from: high-entropy films without SAs^[54-56], N-containing high-entropy films^{[46,48,49,52,53,57-65]}, C-containing high-entropy films^[66-69], O-containing high-entropy films^[47,70,71], and high-entropy films with combined C and N additions^[72,73]. Content here refers to atomic percentage)
(a) relationship of H / E (b) relationship of H³/E²

Fig.6 Diverse magnetic exchange interactions between different elements in the La(Cr_0.2Mn_0.2Fe_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2)O₃ (L5BO) film (a), magnetic hysteresis loops of the L5BO film (b), and exchange bias in the L5BO/LSMO multilayer on STO (001) (c)^[88] (FM—ferromagnetic; AFM—antiferromagnetic; ZFC—zero field cooling; T—temperature; M_pin and M_rot—pinned and rotated uncompensated magnetizations, respectively; LSMO—La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃; STO—SrTiO₃)

Fig.7 Magnetic hysteresis loops and the variation of exchange bias field in La(Cr_0.2Mn_0.2Fe_0.2Co_0.2Ni_0.2)O₃ films with different Mn contents (a-c); and corresponding Monte Carlo simulation results, showing the evolution of percolating networks for FM (red) and AFM (blue) exchange interactions, where the color depth represents the magnetic exchange interaction strength (d-f)^[79] (M—magnetization, μ_B—Bohr magneton per unit cell, FC—field cooling, μ₀—vacuum permeability, H—magnetic field intensity)

Fig.8 Effects of N and O contents on the electrical resistivity of high-entropy films (Data in Fig.8a are sourced from Refs.[58,92,93] and data in Fig.8b from Refs.[47,94])
(a) dependence of resistivity on N content (b) dependence of resistivity on O content

Fig.9 Schematic of the stoichiometric (CoCrFeNi)O crystal structure (a)^[94], fcc stacking configuration of [O-M6] and [□-M6] (□ represents vacancy) octahedrons in space (b)^[94], and octahedral equivalence in the classic two-sphere percolation model (c)^[33]

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