真空自耗电弧熔炼铸锭凝固行为多尺度模拟研究进展

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00265

金属学报

2025, Vol. 61

Issue (1): 12-28 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00265

综述

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

真空自耗电弧熔炼铸锭凝固行为多尺度模拟研究进展

李俊杰¹(

), 李盼悦¹, 黄立清¹^,², 郭杰¹, 吴京洋¹, 樊凯², 王锦程¹

1 西北工业大学凝固技术国家重点实验室西安 710072
2 湖南湘投金天钛业科技股份有限公司常德 415001

Progress in Multiscale Simulation of Solidification Behavior in Vacuum Arc Remelted Ingot

LI Junjie¹(

), LI Panyue¹, HUANG Liqing¹^,², GUO Jie¹, WU Jingyang¹, FAN Kai², WANG Jincheng¹

1 State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
2 Hunan Xiangtou Goldsky Titanium Industry Technology Co. Ltd., Changde 415001, China

引用本文:

李俊杰, 李盼悦, 黄立清, 郭杰, 吴京洋, 樊凯, 王锦程. 真空自耗电弧熔炼铸锭凝固行为多尺度模拟研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 12-28.
Junjie LI, Panyue LI, Liqing HUANG, Jie GUO, Jingyang WU, Kai FAN, Jincheng WANG. Progress in Multiscale Simulation of Solidification Behavior in Vacuum Arc Remelted Ingot[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2025, 61(1): 12-28.

全文: PDF(3248 KB) HTML

摘要:

真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)是当前钛合金、镍基高温合金等材料高致密、高均匀、无缺陷大型铸锭的主要熔炼技术。数值模拟已成为理解VAR过程中多种尺度物理现象及指导VAR工艺参数优化的重要手段。本文系统梳理了近20多年来国内外在VAR铸锭凝固数值仿真模型、宏观传输行为、介/微观组织形貌与缺陷演化以及工艺参数对铸锭质量影响4个方面的模拟研究进展，并对本领域存在的不足及未来的发展进行了分析展望。

关键词 ：真空自耗电弧熔炼, 凝固, 数值模拟, 宏观偏析, 微观组织

Abstract：

Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is the principal remelting process for producing high-quality Ti-based alloy and Ni-based superalloy ingots with high density, fine chemical homogeneity, and minimal defects. Numerical modeling plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of various phenomena occurring at different scales during the VAR process. It also aids in optimizing operational parameters. In this paper, the development of multiscale simulations for VAR ingot solidification over the last two decades is introduced. The following four aspects are addressed: numerical models at various scales, macroscopic transport phenomena, microstructure and defect evolution, and the effects of process control parameters on the VAR ingot quality. Furthermore, the current limitations in this field and proposed future development directions are discussed.

Key words： vacuum arc remelting solidification numerical simulation macrosegregation microstructure

收稿日期: 2024-07-31

ZTFLH:

TG244

基金资助:凝固技术国家重点实验室自主课题项目(2020-TS-06)

通讯作者: 李俊杰，lijunjie@nwpu.edu.cn，主要从事凝固理论及多尺度模拟研究

Corresponding author: LI Junjie, professor, Tel: (029)88492374, E-mail: lijunjie@nwpu.edu.cn

作者简介: 李俊杰，男，1982年生，教授，博士

	服务

	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	作者相关文章
	李俊杰
	李盼悦
	黄立清
	郭杰
	吴京洋
	樊凯
	王锦程
44.8K

链接本文:

https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00265 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2025/V61/I1/12

图1 真空自耗熔炼(VAR)熔池凝固过程中的物理现象及其相互关联

图2 VAR过程中不同熔炼阶段的典型温度场分布[8]

图3 不同流动模式下的熔池等温线分布

图4 各种驱动力下的VAR熔池流动模式

图5 不同熔炼电流下浮力与自感电磁力竞争造成的熔池特征变化[58]

图6 VAR铸锭中宏观偏析形成机制

图7 热浮力以及自感Lorentz力驱动流动下的宏观偏析模式[57,58]

图8 不同反置方案下全部三次熔炼铸锭的宏观偏析对比[11]

图9 不同合金体系中凝固晶粒组织的元胞自动机(CA)模拟与实验观测结果对比[29,32,53]

图10 TC17合金β斑形成机制的多尺度模拟分析[28]

1	Bennon W D, Incropera F P. A continuum model for momentum, heat and species transport in binary solid-liquid phase change systems—I. Model formulation[J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 1987, 30: 2161
2	Pericleous K, Djambazov G, Ward M, et al. A multiscale 3D model of the vacuum arc remelting process[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2013, 44A: 5365
3	Launder B E, Spalding D B. The numerical computation of turbulent flows[J]. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 1974, 3: 269
4	Reiter G, Maronnier V, Sommitsch C, et al. Numerical simulation of the VAR process with calcosoft-2D and its validation[A]. International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting[C]. Nancy, France: LMPC, 2003: 77
5	Guan J, Miao Y Y, Chen Z Z, et al. Modeling of macrosegregation formation and the effect of enhanced cooling during vacuum arc remelting solidification of NbTi alloy ingot[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2022, 53B: 4048
6	Cui J J, Li B K, Liu Z Q, et al. Comparative investigation on ingot evolution and product quality under different arc distributions during vacuum arc remelting process[J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 18: 3991
7	Cui J J, Li B K, Liu Z Q, et al. Numerical investigation on the effect of axial magnetic field on metallurgical quality of ingots during vacuum arc remelting process[J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 20: 1912
8	Yang S L, Tian Q, Yu P, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental study of vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process for large-size GH4742 superalloy[J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2023, 24: 2828
9	Xu X, Zhang W, Lee P D. Tree-ring formation during vacuum arc remelting of Inconel 718: part II. Mathematical modeling[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2002, 33A: 1805
10	Zagrebelnyy D, Krane M J M. Segregation development in multiple melt vacuum arc remelting[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2009, 40B: 281
11	Guo J, Huang L Q, Wu J Y, et al. Evolution of macrosegregation during three-stage vacuum arc remelting of titanium alloys[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2024, 59: 1531
11	郭杰, 黄立清, 吴京洋等. 钛合金三次真空自耗电弧熔炼过程中的宏观偏析传递行为[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 59: 1531
12	Guan J, Liu D R, Cao Y F, et al. Macro and micro segregations and prediction of carbide equivalent size in vacuum arc remelting of M50 steel via simulations and experiments[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2024, 55A: 1081
13	Revil-Baudard M, Jardy A, Combeau H, et al. Solidification of a vacuum arc-remelted zirconium ingot[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2014, 45B: 51
14	Mramor K, Quatravaux T, Combeau H, et al. On the prediction of macrosegregation in vacuum arc remelted ingots[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2022, 53B: 2953
15	Han J J, Ren N, Zhou Y, et al. Melt convection and macrosegregation in the vacuum arc remelted Ti₂AlNb ingot: Numerical methods and experimental verification[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2022, 308: 117729
16	Chapelle P, Jardy A, Bellot J P, et al. Effect of electromagnetic stirring on melt pool free surface dynamics during vacuum arc remelting[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2008, 43: 5734
17	Karimi-Sibaki E, Kharicha A, Wu M, et al. A parametric study of the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process: Effects of arc radius, side-arcing, and gas cooling[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2020, 51B: 222
18	Karimi-Sibaki E, Kharicha A, Abdi M, et al. A Numerical study on the influence of an axial magnetic field (AMF) on vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2021, 52B: 3354
19	Karimi-Sibaki E, Kharicha A, Vakhrushev A, et al. Numerical modeling and experimental validation of the effect of arc distribution on the as-solidified Ti64 ingot in vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process[J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 19: 183
20	Gandin C A, Rappaz M. A 3D cellular automaton algorithm for the prediction of dendritic grain growth[J]. Acta Mater., 1997, 45: 2187
21	Kurz W, Giovanola B, Trivedi R. Theory of microstructural development during rapid solidification[J]. Acta Metall., 1986, 34: 823
22	Nastac L. Multiscale modelling approach for predicting solidification structure evolution in vacuum arc remelted superalloy ingots[J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28: 1006
23	Nastac L. A multiscale transient modeling approach for predicting the solidification structure in VAR-processed alloy 718 ingots[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2014, 45B: 44
24	Wang W, Lee P D, McLean M. A model of solidification microstructures in nickel-based superalloys: Predicting primary dendrite spacing selection[J]. Acta Mater., 2003, 51: 2971
25	Zhao Y H, Xing H, Zhang L J, et al. Development of phase-field modeling in materials science in China: A review[J]. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2023, 36: 1749
26	Tourret D, Liu H, LLorca J. Phase-field modeling of microstructure evolution: Recent applications, perspectives and challenges[J]. Prog. Mater. Sci., 2022, 123: 100810
27	Yuan L, Djambazov G, Lee P D, et al. Multiscale modeling of the vacuum arc remelting process for the prediction on microstructure formation[J]. Int. J. Mod. Phys., 2009, 23B: 1584
28	Guo J. Multi-scale simulation of segregation and solidfication structure during the vacuum arc remelting of TC17 alloy[D]. Xi'an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2023
28	郭杰. TC17合金VAR铸锭宏/微观偏析及组织演化模拟[D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2023
29	Cui J J, Li B K, Liu Z Q, et al. Numerical investigation of grain structure under the rotating arc based on cellular automata-finite element method during vacuum arc remelting process[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2023, 54B: 661
30	Sun X Y, Lv G L, Li X M, et al. Numerical simulation of VAR for large-scale TC4 alloy during the solidification process[J]. Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2024, 37: 1
31	Wang Y D, Zhang L F, Zhang J, et al. Simulation of solidification structure during vacuum arc remelting using cellular automaton-finite element method[J]. Steel Res. Int., 2022, 93: 2100408
32	Zhu M M, Lv G L, Li X M, et al. Numerical simulation of cellular automaton in vacuum arc remelting during the solidification process[J]. Mater. Res. Express, 2023, 10: 046518
33	Kermanpur A, Lee P D, McLean M, et al. Integrated modeling for the manufacture of aerospace discs: Grain structure evolution[J]. JOM, 2004, 56: 72
34	Bellet M, Combeau H, Fautrelle Y, et al. Call for contributions to a numerical benchmark problem for 2D columnar solidification of binary alloys[J]. Int. J. Therm. Sci., 2009, 48: 2013
35	Ren N, Li J, Zhang R Y, et al. Solute trapping and non-equilibrium microstructure during rapid solidification of additive manufacturing[J]. Nat. Commun., 2023, 14: 7990 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43563-x pmid: 38042908
36	Lopez L F, Beaman J J, Williamson R L. A reduced-order model for dynamic vacuum arc remelting pool depth estimation and control[A]. ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control[C]. Arlington: ASME, 2011: 517
37	Kondrashov E N, Musatov M I, Maksimov A Y, et al. Calculation of the molten pool depth in vacuum arc remelting of alloy Vt3-1[J]. J. Eng. Thermophys., 2007, 16: 19
38	Leder M O, Gorina A V, Kornilova M A, et al. Determination of the thermophysical properties of titanium alloys from liquid bath profiles[J]. Russ. Metall., 2015, 2015: 964
39	Kondrashov E N, Leder M O, Maksimov A Y. Simulation of the VT3-1 alloy ingot solidification during VAR[J]. Russ. Metall., 2018, 2018: 1114
40	Quatravaux T, Ryberon S, Hans S, et al. Transient VAR ingot growth modelling: Application to specialty steels[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39: 7183
41	Delzant P O, Baqué B, Chapelle P, et al. On the modeling of thermal radiation at the top surface of a vacuum arc remelting ingot[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2018, 49B: 958
42	Zhao X H, Li J S, Yang Z J, et al. Numerical simulation of temperature field in vacuum arc remelting Ti alloy[J]. Spec. Cast. Nonferrous Alloys, 2010, 30: 1001
42	赵小花, 李金山, 杨治军等. 钛合金真空自耗电弧熔炼过程中温度场的数值模拟[J]. 特种铸造及有色合金, 2010, 30: 1001
43	Yang Z J, Zhao X H, Kou H C, et al. Numerical simulation of temperature distribution and heat transfer during solidification of titanium alloy ingots in vacuum arc remelting process[J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2010, 20: 1957
44	Wang J L, Hao M Y, Tan Q M, et al. Numerical simulation and crack prediction of TD3 Alloy during vacuum arc remelting[J]. Spec. Cast. Nonferrous Alloys, 2024, 44: 916
44	王建磊, 郝孟一, 谭启明等. TD3真空自耗熔炼过程数值模拟及裂纹预测[J]. 特种铸造及有色合金, 2024, 44: 916
45	Huang Y S, Yang M S, Li J S, et al. Vacuum arc remelting process of high-alloy bearing steel and multi-scale control of solidification structure[J]. Mater. Sci. Forum, 2015, 817: 826
46	Pan T, Zhu H C, Jiang Z H, et al. Mechanism of local solidification time variations with melt rate during vacuum arc remelting process of 8Cr4Mo4V high-strength steel[J]. J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2024, 31: 377
47	Wang Y Y, Liu X H, Xia Y, et al. Effect of cooling conditions on the temperature field and macrosegregation of Cr element of TC6 alloy ingot[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2023, 52: 4245
47	王阳阳, 刘向宏, 夏勇等. 冷却条件对TC6合金温度场和Cr偏析的影响[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2023, 52: 4245
48	Spitans S, Franz H, Scholz H, et al. Numerical simulation of the ingot growth during the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process[J]. Magnetohydrodynamics, 2017, 53: 557
49	Davidson P A, He X, Lowe A J. Flow transitions in vacuum arc remelting[J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2000, 16: 699
50	Pickering E J. Macrosegregation in steel ingots: The applicability of modelling and characterisation techniques[J]. ISIJ Int., 2013, 53: 935
51	Yu K O, Domingue J A, Maurer G E, et al. Macrosegregation in ESR and VAR processes[J]. JOM, 1986, 38: 46
52	Kondrashov E N, Tarenkova N Y, Maksimov A Y, et al. Study of the crystallization morphology of VT3-1 alloy during VAR[J]. J. Eng. Thermophys., 2009, 18: 80
53	Kermanpur A, Evans D G, Siddall R J, et al. Effect of process parameters on grain structure formation during VAR of Inconel alloy 718[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39: 7175
54	Davidson P A, Kinnear D, Lingwood R J, et al. The role of Ekman pumping and the dominance of swirl in confined flows driven by Lorentz forces[J]. Eur. J. Mech., 1999, 18B: 693
55	Fan K, Wu L C, Li J J, et al. Numerical simulation of macrosegregation caused by buoyancy driven flow during VAR process for titanium alloys[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2020, 49: 871
55	樊凯, 吴林财, 李俊杰等. 钛合金VAR过程中自然对流下的宏观偏析行为模拟[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2020, 49: 871
56	Zhao X H, Li J S, Yang Z J, et al. Numerical simulation of fluid flow caused by buoyancy forces during vacuum arc remelting process[J]. J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. (Sci.), 2011, 16: 272
57	Zagrebelnyy D V. Modeling macrosegregation during the vacuum arc remelting of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy[D]. West Lafayette: Purdue University, 2007
58	Wu J Y. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science[D]. Xi'an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2021
58	吴京洋. 钛合金VAR过程中熔体流动及宏观偏析行为的数值模拟[D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2021
59	Huang L Q, Wu J Y, Guo J, et al. Effect of self-induced magnetic field on liquid flow and segregation during VAR process for titanium alloys[J]. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, 2023, 44(4): 55
59	黄立清, 吴京洋, 郭杰等. 钛合金VAR过程中自感电磁场对流场与偏析行为的影响[J]. 钢铁钒钛, 2023, 44(4): 55
60	Kou H, Zhang Y J, Yang Z J, et al. Liquid metal flow behavior during vacuum consumable arc remelting process for titanium[J]. Int. J. Eng. Technol., 2014, 12: 50
61	Huang L Q, Fan K, Guo J, et al. Simulation study on the effect of VAR magnetic stirring process on the melt flow[J]. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, 2024, 45(1): 65
61	黄立清, 樊凯, 郭杰等. VAR电磁搅拌工艺对熔体流动影响的模拟研究[J]. 钢铁钒钛, 2024, 45(1): 65
62	Shevchenko D M, Ward R M. Liquid metal pool behavior during the vacuum arc remelting of Inconel 718[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2009, 40B: 263
63	Delzant P O, Chapelle P, Jardy A, et al. Investigation of arc dynamics during vacuum arc remelting of a Ti64 alloy using a photodiode based instrumentation[J]. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2019, 266: 10
64	Woodside C R, King P E, Nordlund C. Arc distribution during the vacuum arc remelting of Ti-6Al-4V[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2013, 44B: 154
65	Delzant P O, Chapelle P, Jardy A, et al. Impact of a transient and asymmetrical distribution of the electric arc on the solidification conditions of the ingot in the VAR process[J]. Metals, 2022, 12: 500
66	Dobatkin V I, Anoshkin N F. Comparison of macrosegregation in titanium and aluminium alloy ingots[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 1999, A263: 224
67	Zhao Y Q, Liu J L, Zhou L. Analysis on the segregation of typical β alloying elements of Cu, Fe and Cr in Ti alloys[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2005, 34: 531
67	赵永庆, 刘军林, 周廉. 典型β型钛合金元素Cu, Fe和Cr的偏析规律[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2005, 34: 531
68	Dai Y, Cao J H, Qin Y M, et al. Numerical simulation of melt convection and macrosegregation of Ti60 alloy ingot during the vacuum arc remelting[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2024, 53: 701
68	戴毅, 曹江海, 秦羽满等. Ti60合金VAR熔炼过程熔体流动与宏观偏析的数值模拟研究[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2024, 53: 701
69	Zhao X H, Wang J C, Liu P, et al. Effect of electrode block’s mixing uniformity on titanium alloy ingot’s composition[J]. Titanium Ind. Prog., 2021, 38(4): 1
69	赵小花, 王锦程, 刘鹏等. 钛合金电极块混料均匀性对铸锭成分的影响[J]. 钛工业进展, 2021, 38(4): 1
70	Jiang D B, Yang F Z, Zhang J, et al. Effect of feeding parameters on ingot segregation and shrinkage pore in vacuum arc remelting[J]. J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2023, 30: 1268
71	Jing Z Q, Liu R, Geng N T, et al. Simulation of solidification structure in the vacuum arc remelting process of titanium alloy TC4 based on 3D CAFE method[J]. Processes, 2024, 12: 802
72	Atwood R C, Lee P D, Minisandram R S, et al. Multiscale modelling of microstructure formation during vacuum arc remelting of titanium 6-4[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39: 7193
73	Li X, Zhang T, Jiang H, et al. Predicting the three-dimensional grain structure of superalloys during vacuum arc remelting process[J]. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2023, 25: 5938
74	Kou H C, Zhang Y J, Li P F, et al. Numerical simulation of titanium alloy ingot solidification structure during VAR process based on three-dimensional CAFE method[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2014, 43: 1537
75	Zhao X H, Wang J C, Wang K X, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental validation on the effect of stirring coils' parameters on TC17 ingot during vacuum arc remelting process[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2023, 52: 2676
76	Wang X H, Ward R M, Jacobs M H, et al. Effect of variation in process parameters on the formation of freckle in Inconel 718 by vacuum arc remelting[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2008, 39A: 2981
77	Beckermann C, Gu J P, Boettinger W J. Development of a freckle predictor via Rayleigh number method for single-crystal nickel-base superalloy castings[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2000, 31A: 2545
78	Yang W H, Chang K M, Chen W, et al. Freckle criteria for the upward directional solidification of alloys[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2001, 32A: 397
79	Jardy A, Ablitzer D. Mathematical modelling of superalloy remelting operations[J]. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2009, 25: 163
80	Patel A D, Minisandram R S, Evans D G. Modeling of vacuum arc remelting of alloy 718 ingots[A]. Superalloys 2004[C]. Charlotte, NC: TMS, 2004: 917
81	Jackman L A, Maurer G E, Widge S. New knowledge about ‘white spots’ in superalloys[J]. Adv. Mater. Processes, 1993, 143: 18
82	Zhang W, Lee P D, McLean M. Numerical simulation of dendrite white spot formation during vacuum arc remelting of Inconel 718[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2002, 33A: 443
83	Jiang D B, Zhang L F. Operation parameters on white spot formation in vacuum arc remelting[J]. JOM, 2023, 75: 1505
84	Jiang D B, Ren Y, Zhang L F. Numerical simulation of inclusion distribution in vacuum arc remelting ingot[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2023, 54B: 1342
85	Ghazal G, Jardy A, Chapelle P, et al. On the dissolution of nitrided titanium defects during vacuum arc remelting of Ti alloys[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 2010, 41B: 646
86	Bellot J P, Ablitzer D, Foster B, et al. Dissolution of hard-alpha inclusions in liquid titanium alloys[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 1997, 28B: 1001
87	Li M Y, Yang S F, Liu W, et al. Research process on segregation and control of titanium alloy during vacuum arc remelting[J]. China Metall., 2023, 33(9): 1
87	李明宇, 杨树峰, 刘威等. 真空自耗熔炼钛合金的偏析缺陷及控制研究进展[J]. 中国冶金, 2023, 33(9): 1
88	Shamblen C E. Minimizing beta flecks in the Ti-17 alloy[J]. Metall. Mater. Trans., 1997, 28B: 899
89	Zeng W D, Zhou Y G, Yu H Q. Effect of beta flecks on low-cycle fatigue properties of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al[J]. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2000, 9: 222
90	Kawakami A. Study on segregation behavior of alloying elements in titanium alloys during solidification[D]. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2002
91	Mitchell A, Kawakami A, Cockcroft S L. Beta fleck and segregation in titanium alloy ingots[J]. High Temp. Mater. Processes, 2006, 25: 337
92	Yin X C. Study on beta flecks and formation mechanisms in TC17 alloy[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2020
92	尹续臣. TC17合金中的β斑及其形成机制研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2020
93	Yin X C, Liu J R, Wang Q J, et al. Investigation of beta fleck formation in Ti-17 alloy by directional solidification method[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 48: 36 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.12.018
94	Ji Q T, Yu J, Ning J, et al. Numerical simulation of vacuum arc remelting process of USS122G ingot[J]. Iron Steel, 2022, 57(10): 127
94	汲庆涛, 于杰, 宁静等. USS122G钢锭真空电弧重熔工艺的数值模拟[J]. 钢铁, 2022, 57(10): 127 doi: 10.13228/j.boyuan.issn0449-749x.20220188
95	Wang Y, Ma D S, Yang M S, et al. Numerical simulation of vacuum consumable arc melting optimization for high alloy stainless bearing steel[J]. China Metall., 2023, 33(9): 35
95	王杨, 马党参, 杨卯生等. 高合金不锈轴承钢真空自耗熔炼数值模拟优化[J]. 中国冶金, 2023, 33(9): 35
96	Wang Y D, Zhang L F, Zhang J, et al. Numerical simulation of macrosegregation in vacuum arc remelting process[J]. J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2021, 33: 718
96	王亚栋, 张立峰, 张健等. 真空自耗熔炼过程宏观偏析的数值模拟[J]. 钢铁研究学报, 2021, 33: 718 doi: 10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20210110
97	Wen H, Zheng Y B, Chen F, et al. Research on melting technology of TC2 titanium alloy ingot depend on MeltFlow-VAR[J]. World Nonferrous Met., 2022, (14): 12
97	文豪, 郑亚波, 陈峰等. 基于MeltFlow-VAR的TC2钛合金铸锭熔炼工艺研究[J]. 世界有色金属, 2022, (14): 12
98	Jing Z Q, Sun Y H, Liu R, et al. Effect of vacuum arc remelting process parameters on macrosegregation in TC4 titanium alloy[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2023, 52: 815
99	Patel A, Fiore D. On the modeling of vacuum arc remelting process in titanium alloys[J]. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, 143: 012017
100	Luo W Z, Zhao X H, Liu P, et al. Computational simulation of factors affecting surface quality of titanium alloy ingot in VAR process[J]. Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2020, 49: 927
100	罗文忠, 赵小花, 刘鹏等. 采用数值模拟方法分析影响VAR熔炼钛合金铸锭表面质量的因素[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2020, 49: 927
101	Li T, Hua Q, Liu H, et al. Research on the melting process of TC17 titanium alloy ingots based on MeltFlow VAR[J]. Spec. Steel Technol., 2024, 30(2): 12
101	李彤, 华倩, 刘华等. 基于MeltFlow-VAR的TC17钛合金铸锭熔炼工艺研究[J]. 特钢技术, 2024, 30(2): 12
102	Ward R M, Jacobs M H. Electrical and magnetic techniques for monitoring arc behaviour during VAR of Inconel¹ 718: Results from different operating conditions[J]. J. Mater. Sci., 2004, 39: 7135
103	Zhang W B, Sun D K, Chen W, et al. Lattice Boltzmann modeling of convective heat and solute transfer in additive manufacturing of multi-component alloys[J]. Addit. Manuf., 2024, 84: 104089
104	Liu Y L, Sun D K, Zhang Z X, et al. A lattice Boltzmann model for incompressible gas and liquid two-phase flows combined with free-surface method[J]. Phys. Fluids, 2024, 36: 032124

[1]	杨林, 马长松, 刘连杰, 李金富. 过冷(Fe₁_-_x Co _x)_79.3B_20.7 合金的凝固[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 99-108.
[2]	卢健麟, 任化永, 谢桉, 王建潼, 何峰. Ni_43.5Co₁₉Cr₁₀Fe₁₀Al₁₅Ti₂Mo_0.5 共晶高熵合金快速凝固行为及组织调控[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 191-202.
[3]	王叶青, 付珂, 赵永柱, 苏礼季, 陈正. Fe₇(CoNiMn)₈₀B₁₃ 共晶高熵合金的深过冷非平衡凝固行为及微观组织演变[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 143-153.
[4]	余东, 马威龙, 王亚莉, 王锦程. Au-Pt合金凝固-固态相变微观组织演化相场法模拟[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 109-116.
[5]	万杰, 李皓天, 刘书基, 路洪洲, 王立生, 张振栋, 刘春海, 贾建磊, 刘海峰, 陈豫增. Al-Nb-B细化剂形核质点的弥散化及其对铸造铝合金组织及力学性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 117-128.
[6]	张胜煜, 马庆爽, 余黎明, 张竟文, 李会军, 高秋志. 预时效处理对冷轧含Al奥氏体耐热钢组织和性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(1): 177-190.
[7]	王霖, 魏晨, 王雷, 王军, 李金山. Cu-Co系难混溶合金核壳结构演化过程模拟[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(9): 1239-1249.
[8]	曹姝婷, 赵剑, 巩桐兆, 张少华, 张健. Cu含量对K4061合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(9): 1179-1188.
[9]	朱绍祥, 王清江, 刘建荣, 陈志勇. TC19合金铸锭中Zr、Mo元素的宏观偏析行为[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(7): 869-880.
[10]	汪丽佳, 胡励, 苗天虎, 周涛, 何曲波, 刘相果. 预变形对双峰分离非基面织构AZ31镁合金板材室温力学行为及微观组织演变的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(7): 881-889.
[11]	高新亮, 巴文月, 张正, 席仕平, 徐东, 杨志南, 张福成. 贝氏体轨道钢连铸凝固过程中溶质微观偏析模型及分析[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(7): 990-1000.
[12]	陈诚, 杨光昱, 金梦辉, 王强, 汤鑫, 程会民, 介万奇. 铸型正反转搅动对精密铸造K4169合金凝固组织和室温力学性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(7): 926-936.
[13]	孟玉佳, 席通, 杨春光, 赵金龙, 张新蕊, 于英杰, 杨柯. Ga添加对304L不锈钢力学性能和抗菌性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(7): 890-900.
[14]	熊毅, 栾泽伟, 马云飞, 厉勇, 查小琴. 超音速微粒轰击诱导表面纳米化对300M钢腐蚀疲劳行为的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(5): 627-638.
[15]	田滕, 查敏, 殷皓亮, 花珍铭, 贾海龙, 王慧远. 低温高应变量衬板控轧高固溶Al-Mg合金高强塑性与高热稳定性机制[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(4): 473-484.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed