多场耦合侵蚀下环保Ag/Ti2SnC复合电接触材料的微/纳米力学行为及微结构演变

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00520

金属学报

2024, Vol. 60

Issue (12): 1731-1745 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00520

研究论文

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

多场耦合侵蚀下环保Ag/Ti₂SnC复合电接触材料的微/纳米力学行为及微结构演变

丁宽宽¹, 丁健翔¹^,²(

), 张凯歌¹, 白忠臣³, 张培根²(

), 孙正明¹^,²

1 安徽工业大学材料科学与工程学院马鞍山 243002
2 东南大学材料科学与工程学院江苏省先进金属材料重点实验室南京 211189
3 贵州大学贵州省光电子技术与应用重点实验室贵阳 550025

Micro/Nano-Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Eco-Friendly Ag/Ti₂SnC Composite Electrical Contacts Under Multi-Field Coupled Erosion

DING Kuankuan¹, DING Jianxiang¹^,²(

), ZHANG Kaige¹, BAI Zhongchen³, ZHANG Peigen²(

), SUN Zhengming¹^,²

1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China
2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
3 Guizhou Province Key Laboratory for Photoelectronic Technology and Application, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

引用本文:

丁宽宽, 丁健翔, 张凯歌, 白忠臣, 张培根, 孙正明. 多场耦合侵蚀下环保Ag/Ti₂SnC复合电接触材料的微/纳米力学行为及微结构演变[J]. 金属学报, 2024, 60(12): 1731-1745.
Kuankuan DING, Jianxiang DING, Kaige ZHANG, Zhongchen BAI, Peigen ZHANG, Zhengming SUN. Micro/Nano-Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Eco-Friendly Ag/Ti₂SnC Composite Electrical Contacts Under Multi-Field Coupled Erosion[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2024, 60(12): 1731-1745.

全文: PDF(6078 KB) HTML

摘要:

实际服役过程中低压开关的过早失效主要归因于电弧侵蚀，因此阐明材料微观结构、力学性能退化及电弧侵蚀机理对进一步开发环保MAX相增强银基复合电接触材料进而推动低压开关材料更新换代具有重要意义。本工作沿Ag/Ti₂SnC电触头横截面从电弧侵蚀层到近电弧侵蚀层再到基体内部依次进行了微/纳米压痕实验，分析对比了不同区域显微硬度、纳米硬度、弹性模量、蠕变以及塑性/弹性性能沿电弧侵蚀方向的梯度变化行为。在综合分析不同区域微观形貌和元素组成的基础上，揭示了增强相Ti₂SnC和Ag基体的结构和成分演变，解析了Ag/Ti₂SnC复合材料微观结构梯度变化与微/纳米力学性能之间的内在关系。使用COMSOL模拟进一步验证了多场耦合侵蚀下Ag/Ti₂SnC复合材料的物理特征，进而提出电弧侵蚀机理。

关键词 ： Ag/Ti₂SnC复合材料, 微/纳米力学行为, 微结构演变, COMSOL模拟, 多场耦合侵蚀

Abstract：

Silver (Ag)-matrix-composite electrical contact materials (ECMs) are widely used in railway, manufacturing, electric power distribution, and aerospace systems, owing to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities and good mechanical and anti-erosion properties. In particular, they play a key role in low-voltage switches, which are vital in the global electrical economy. To date, substituting the toxic Ag/CdO ECMs has become a bottleneck in the development of low-voltage switches. Over the past decades, Ag/SnO₂, Ag/ZnO, Ag/Ni, and Ag/C have been exploited as substitutes for Ag/CdO ECMs, but their intrinsic defects make them unsuitable; therefore, there is still an urgent need to develop eco-friendly substitutes for CdO. Recently, MAX-phase materials, which combine attractively dual metal and ceramic properties, have shown potential in replacing CdO as a reinforcement for Ag-matrix composites. Moreover, arc erosion is a common cause of the premature failure of low-voltage switches in applications. To aid the further development of MAX-reinforced Ag-matrix-composite contacts, there is a need to understand the mechanism of arc erosion and degradation of the microstructural and mechanical properties of the composites. Nano-indentation is the most common and stable method of evaluating the micromechanical properties of materials. In this study, micro-/nano-indentation tests were performed along the cross-section of Ag/Ti₂SnC contacts (from the arc erosion layer to the near arc erosion layer and then to the matrix interior). The gradient variation of the microhardness, nanohardness, modulus, creep behavior, and plastic/elastic depth in different areas was analyzed and contrasted in the direction of the electrical arc erosion. The micromorphology and elemental composition were comprehensively analyzed, and the structural and compositional evolution of the Ti₂SnC reinforcement phase and Ag matrix were investigated. The relationship between the gradient structural change and micro-/nano-mechanical properties of the Ag/Ti₂SnC composites was analyzed. COMSOL simulations were employed to further demonstrate the physical characteristics of multi-field coupled erosion in the Ag/Ti₂SnC composites; based on these analyses, we propose an erosion mechanism for the composites. This study not only provides insights into the intrinsic relationship between the structure and properties of Ag/MAX composites under arc erosion but also paves the way for the future design and development of eco-friendly contact materials for low-voltage switches.

Key words： Ag/Ti₂SnC composites micro/nano-mechanical behavior microstructural evolution COMSOL simulation multi-field coupled erosion

收稿日期: 2022-10-13

ZTFLH:

TM2

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(52101064);国家自然科学基金项目(52171033);江苏省博士后科研基金项目(2020Z158);先进金属材料绿色加工与表面技术重点实验室开放项目(GFST2020KF04)

通讯作者: 丁健翔，jxding@ahut.edu.cn，主要从事MAX相、MXene及其在金属基复合电功能材料中的开发和应用研究
张培根，zhpeigen@seu.edu.cn，主要从事MAX相及其A位金属晶须生长现象、机理和抑制策略研究

Corresponding author: DING Jianxiang, associate professor, Tel: 18255504831, E-mail: jxding@ahut.edu.cn;
ZHANG Peigen, associate professor, Tel: 18251951269, E-mail: zhpeigen@seu.edu.cn

作者简介: 丁宽宽，男，1997年生，硕士生

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00520 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2024/V60/I12/1731

图1 显微压痕和纳米压痕实验示意图

图2 Ag/x%Ti2SnC (x = 10、12、15)电触头的OM像、质量损失和侵蚀面积占比

图3 Ag/x%Ti2SnC电触头基体内部(区域α)到近电弧侵蚀层(区域β) Vikers硬度压痕OM像

表1 区域α 和区域β的Vikers显微硬度平均值 (HV)

图4 Ag基体和增强相Ti2SnC从区域α到区域β连续Vikers硬度及其拟合曲线

图5 Ag/Ti2SnC断面电弧侵蚀层(区域γ)中Vikers硬度压痕的OM像

表2 区域γ的Vikers显微硬度平均值 (HV)

图6 Ag/x%Ti2SnC电触头在区域γ处黑色聚集物的SEM像和元素构成

图7 电弧侵蚀后Ag/x%Ti2SnC电触头的纳米硬度、模量、界面纳米硬度和界面模量

图8 电弧侵蚀后Ag/x%Ti2SnC电触头区域α和区域β的蠕变曲线

图9 Ag/x%Ti2SnC复合材料载荷-深度曲线的塑性形变占比(ξ)和弹性形变占比(δ)计算示意图

Sample	Area	h_m / nm	h_f / nm	$ξ$ / %	δ / %
Ag/10%Ti₂SnC	α	776.16	645.75	83.20	16.80
	β	918.22	821.67	89.49	10.51
Ag/12%Ti₂SnC	α	715.80	613.86	85.76	14.24
	β	885.66	806.88	91.10	8.90
Ag/15%Ti₂SnC	α	702.04	625.84	89.15	10.85
	β	828.14	666.92	92.61	7.39

表3 Ag/x%Ti2SnC复合材料在区域α和区域β的最大压痕深度(hm)、回弹深度(hf)、ξ和δ

图10 电弧侵蚀后Ag/x%Ti2SnC电触头不同区域微观形貌的SEM像

图11 Ag/10%Ti2SnC复合材料中区域α和区域β的SEM像和元素面分布

图12 Ag/x%Ti2SnC复合材料中沿截面从区域α到区域β的Ti / Sn原子比线性拟合和Ag / Sn原子比线性拟合

图13 Ag/10%Ti2SnC复合材料在电弧放电条件下电压场分布、温度场分布、等温线和热膨胀位移的稳态模拟

图14 Ag/Ti2SnC电触头的多场耦合侵蚀机理示意图

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