College of Transportation Equipments and Ocean Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
Cite this article:
Mingming MA,Feng LIAN,Luping ZANG,Qiukuan XIANG,Huichen ZHANG. Effect of Dimple Depth on Friction Properties of Aluminum Alloy Under Different Lubrication Conditions. Acta Metall Sin, 2017, 53(4): 406-414.
Notable properties of aluminum alloy such as high strength-to-weight ratio, easy to be recycled and good welding properties lead to a wide range of applications in marine industry. However, in addition to many advantages, there are also a lot obvious shortcomings in tribological properties. Especially, the passive state film of aluminum alloy could be destroyed by the Cl- in seawater and harsh marine environment, which can erode into the defects and then aggravate the friction behavior, and limit the use of aluminum alloy in the field of marine engineering. In recent years, the super-hydrophobic surfaces are gaining a wide application prospects in the field of marine engineering due to their properties of drag reduction, anti-adhesion and anti-corrosion abilities. In order to improve the tribological properties of aluminum alloy, the amphiphobic aluminum alloy surface is constructed through building dimple of cone frustum texture with depths of 15 and 30 μm on the surface of 5083 warship aluminum alloy by laser processing and changing the surface wettability by coating the nano-SiO2 powders and low surface energy modification. And the tribological performance was examined by high speed reciprocating friction test machine (HSR-2M) in the water/seawater/oil lubrication respectively. The test results show that the surface with dimple depth of 30 μm has stronger amphiphobic performance and tribological performance than that of 15 μm. Compared with the simple texture surface, the amphiphobic surface with both texture and chemical composition can improve the tribological performance significantly. The friction coefficient and the wear loss of amphiphobic surface are minimal in oil. The friction coefficient of amphiphobic surface in seawater is smaller than that in water while the wear loss of the former is bigger. The simulation results showed that the carrying capacity of the lubricating film increases first and then decreases as the increment of the dimple depth. The carrying capacity of the lubricating film is the biggest when the depth of cone frustum was 75 μm. It can be concluded that the amphiphobic surface can significantly improve the tribological properties of aluminum alloy in different lubrications.
Fund: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51275064 and 50975036), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.3132016354) and Industrial Research Program of Liaoning Province (No.2012220006)
Fig.1 3D topography of surface texture of 5083 aluminum alloy etched by laser
Fig.2 Cross-section topographies of dimple with depths of 15 μm (a) and 30 μm (b) etched by laser
Droplet
Polishing
Vacancy
Low energy
With SiO2
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
Water
71.8
<5
<5
149.1
154..8
158.4
160.7
Sea water
65.3
<5
<5
131.3
144.2
147.1
153.8
Oil
53.3
<5
<5
108.3
114.6
120.4
125.2
Table 1 Contact angles of different droplets on specimens
Fig.3 Model of dimple of cone frustum texture (L—spacing of calculate cell, R—large radius of cone frustum, r—small radius of cone frustum)
Fig.4 Friction coefficients of vacancy and polishing specimens in water (a), sea water (b) and oil (c)
Fig.5 Friction coefficients of amphiphobic surface in water (a), sea water (b) and oil (c)
Fig.6 Schematic of cross-section of friction pair (U—relative speed of friction pair, h0—minimum film thickness)
Lubricant
Polishing
Vacancy
Low energy
With SiO2
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
Water
0.714
0.654
0.616
0.631
0.587
0.534
0.496
Sea water
0.687
0.631
0.578
0.610
0.550
0.492
0.448
Oil
0.190
0.164
0.139
0.142
0.125
0.112
0.097
Table 2 Average values of friction coefficient of specimens in different lubricants
Lubricant
Polishing
Vancacy
Low energy
With SiO2
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
hp=15 μm
hp=30 μm
Water
2.510
2.424
2.357
2.281
2.113
2.065
1.983
Sea water
2.696
2.568
2.395
2.317
2.204
2.116
2.012
Oil
0.355
0.254
0.228
0.223
0.206
0.197
0.182
Table 3 Wear losses of specimens in different lubricants (108 μm3)
Fig.7 Dimensionless lubricating film pressure (P) distribution of dimple with depths of 15 μm (a) and 30 μm (b) in water
Fig.8 Effects of dimple depth on dimensionless average pressure of lubricating film in different lubricants
[1]
Zhang X M, Deng Y L, Zhang Y.Development of high strength aluminum alloys and processing techniques for the materials[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2015, 51: 257
Kim S J, Jang S K, Han M S, et al.Mechanical and electrochemical characteristics in sea water of 5052-O aluminum alloy for ship[J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2013, 23: 636
[3]
Hu J, Tang Y G, Li S X.Vibration test and assessment for an ocean drilling rig derrick: Taking the ZJ50/3150DB drilling rig as an example[J]. Petrol. Exp. Dev., 2013, 40: 126
[4]
Figueroa R, Abeu C M, Cristóbal M J, et al. Effect of nitrogen and molybdenum ion implantation in the tribological behavior of AA7075 aluminum alloy [J]. Wear, 2012, 276-277: 53
[5]
Zou Y S, Zhou K, Wu Y F, et al.Structure, mechanical and tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films on aluminum alloy by arc ion plating[J]. Vacuum, 2012, 86: 1141
[6]
Shi H Y, Long Y N, Jiang B L, et al.Effect of sublayer on the structures and tribological properties of GLC coating on Al-based alloy[J]. Acta Metall. Sin., 2012, 48: 983
Barati N, Meletis E I, Golestani Fard F, et al.Al2O3-ZrO2 nanostructured coatings using DC plasma electrolytic oxidation to improve tribological properties of Al substrates[J]. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2015, 356: 927
[8]
Zhou H, Shan H Y, Tong X, et al.The adhesion of bionic non-smooth characteristics on sample surfaces against parts[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2006, A417: 190
[9]
Hu T C, Hu L T.The study of tribological properties of laser-textured surface of 2024 aluminium alloy under boundary lubrication[J]. Lubr. Sci., 2012, 24: 84
[10]
Scaraggi M, Mezzapesa F P, Carbone G, et al.Friction properties of lubricated laser-microtextured-surfaces: An experimental study from boundary- to hydrodynamic-lubrication[J]. Tribol. Lett., 2013, 49: 117
[11]
Liew K W, Kok C K, Ervina Efzan M N. Effect of EDM dimple geometry on friction reduction under boundary and mixed lubrication[J]. Tribol. Int., 2016, 101: 1
[12]
Burton Z, Bhushan B.Surface characterization and adhesion and friction properties of hydrophobic leaf surfaces[J]. Ultramicroscopy, 2006, 106: 709
[13]
Qin L G, Zhao W J, Hou H, et al.Achieving excellent anti-corrosion and tribological performance by tailoring the surface morphology and chemical composition of aluminum alloys[J]. RSC Adv., 2014, 4: 60307
[14]
Wang H Y, Yan L, Gao D, et al.Tribological properties of superamphiphobic PPS/PTFE composite coating in the oilfield produced water[J]. Wear, 2014, 319: 62
[15]
Shan L, Wang Y X, Li J L, et al.Tribological behaviours of PVD TiN and TiCN coatings in artificial seawater[J]. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 226: 40
[16]
Wenzel R N.Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1936, 28: 988
[17]
Cassie A B D, Baxter S. Wettability of porous surfaces[J]. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1944, 40: 546
[18]
Wen S Z.Study on lubrication theory-progress and thinking-over[J]. Tribology, 2007, 27: 497
[18]
(温诗铸. 润滑理论研究的进展与思考[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2007, 27: 497)
[19]
Yu H, Deng H, Huang W, et al.The effect of dimple shapes on friction of parallel surfaces[J]. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 2010, 225: 693
[20]
Uman A, Park C W.Optimizing the tribological performance of textured piston ring-liner contact for reduced frictional losses in SI engine: Warm operating conditions[J]. Tribol. Int., 2016, 99: 224
[21]
Yoshimitsu T, Nakajima H, Nagaoka H.Synthesis of the CD ring system of paclitaxel by atom-transfer radical annulation reaction[J]. Tetrahedron Lett., 2002, 43: 8587
[22]
Navier C L. Memoire sur les lois du mouvement des fluides [J]. Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci., 1823, 6: 389
[23]
Kunert C, Harting J.Simulation of fluid flow in hydrophobic rough microchannels[J]. Int. J. Comput. Fluid Dyn., 2008, 22: 475
[24]
Wang L, Yan C P, Wang Q D, et al.Study on the tribological properties of the amphiphobic textured metal surface[J]. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol.(Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2012, 40(Suppl. II): 21
Liu N, Wang J Z, Chen B B, et al.Tribochemical aspects of silicon nitride ceramic sliding against stainless steel under the lubrication of seawater[J]. Tribol. Int., 2013, 61: 205
[27]
Chen J, Yan F Y.Tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater[J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2012, 22: 1356
[28]
Osman M M.Corrosion inhibition of aluminium-brass in 3.5%NaCl solution and sea water[J]. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2001, 71: 12
[29]
Ding H Y, Zhou G H, Hui D.Friction and wear performance of an aluminium alloy in artificial seawater[J]. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 2011, 225: 43
[30]
Liu T, Liu T, Chen S G, et al.Corrosion resistance improvement of aluminum in seawater by super-hydrophobic surfaces[J]. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem., 2008, 24: 1859
