核聚变堆偏滤器热沉材料研究现状及展望

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00376

金属学报

2021, Vol. 57

Issue (7): 831-844 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00376

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核聚变堆偏滤器热沉材料研究现状及展望

彭吴擎亮¹^,², 李强¹(

), 常永勤³, 王万景¹^,², 陈镇¹^,², 谢春意¹, 王纪超¹, 耿祥¹, 黄伶明¹^,², 周海山¹^,², 罗广南¹^,²

^1.中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所合肥 230031
^2.中国科学技术大学合肥 230026
^3.北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院北京 100083

A Review on the Development of the Heat Sink of the Fusion Reactor Divertor

PENG Wuqingliang¹^,², LI Qiang¹(

), CHANG Yongqin³, WANG Wanjing¹^,², CHEN Zhen¹^,², XIE Chunyi¹, WANG Jichao¹, GENG Xiang¹, HUANG Lingming¹^,², ZHOU Haishan¹^,², LUO Guangnan¹^,²

^1.Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HFIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
^2.University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
^3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

引用本文:

彭吴擎亮, 李强, 常永勤, 王万景, 陈镇, 谢春意, 王纪超, 耿祥, 黄伶明, 周海山, 罗广南. 核聚变堆偏滤器热沉材料研究现状及展望[J]. 金属学报, 2021, 57(7): 831-844.
Wuqingliang PENG, Qiang LI, Yongqin CHANG, Wanjing WANG, Zhen CHEN, Chunyi XIE, Jichao WANG, Xiang GENG, Lingming HUANG, Haishan ZHOU, Guangnan LUO. A Review on the Development of the Heat Sink of the Fusion Reactor Divertor[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(7): 831-844.

全文: PDF(10400 KB) HTML

摘要:

偏滤器是磁约束核聚变装置最为关键的系统之一，直接承受强粒子流和高热流的冲击，服役环境十分苛刻，而满足偏滤器运行环境的热沉材料是聚变堆正常运行的关键之一。受控核聚变领域近30年的研究和工程经验表明，铜合金以高热导率、较高的强度、较好的热稳定性和抗中子辐照性能被认为是聚变堆偏滤器用热沉材料的首要候选材料，也可能是水冷偏滤器热沉材料的唯一候选材料。但是，根据现有商用铜合金在下一代聚变堆(中国聚变工程试验堆(CFETR)和示范性聚变核电厂(DEMO))偏滤器模拟工况下的表现，发现其无法满足CFETR偏滤器的运行要求。目前，CFETR装置的设计和预研工作已经开展并按计划稳步推进，此时适用于高热负荷部件的热沉材料研制工作就显得十分重要。本文依据中国聚变能发展路线图，介绍了下一代聚变堆偏滤器热沉材料的服役工况及其对热沉材料的要求，对现有的铜合金在下一代聚变堆偏滤器运行环境下可能存在的问题进行综合评述，最后针对我国CFETR偏滤器热沉材料的相关问题提出了应对策略。

关键词 ：核聚变, 热沉材料, 铜合金, 面向等离子体部件, 偏滤器

Abstract：

Divertor is one of the most important components of the magnetic confinement fusion device, which directly sustains the strong particle flow and high heat load during a harsh service circumstance. The heat sink material that accommodates the operation circumstance of the divertor is one of the crucial prerequisites to perform the normal operation of a fusion reactor. The research and engineering experiences over the past three decades indicate that copper alloys are the best and probably the only material group for the heat sink of the water-cooled target of a divertor owing to its high thermal conductivity, strength, thermal stability, and radiation resistance. However, on account of its performance under the typical irradiation scenario of a divertor in the next step fusion reactor, none of the existing commercial copper alloys can satisfy both the harsh working environment and engineering building requirements in the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). At present, the design and research of CFETR devices have been conducted and is progressing steadily according to the proposal. Therefore, the development of high-performance copper alloys or copper matrix composites for high heat flux components is essential. In this study, the working condition of the heat sink in the next step fusion reactor divertor was first introduced according to the Roadmap of Fusion Energy of China. Thus, the performance requirements for the heat sink and its potential application limitations in the future fusion reactor divertor were reviewed. Finally, certain countermeasures regarding the heat sink materials were proposed for the CFETR divertor.

Key words： nuclear fusion heat sink copper alloy plasma-facing component divertor

收稿日期: 2020-09-21

ZTFLH:

TG146.1

基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(11875288)

作者简介: 彭吴擎亮，男，1996年生，博士生

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	黄伶明
	周海山
	罗广南
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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00376 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2021/V57/I7/831

图1 ITER全钨偏滤器示意图，垂直靶板处面向等离子体单元，及穹顶处面向等离子体单元[11]

图2 EU DEMO偏滤器示意图和靶板区PFC模块截面示意图[16]

图3 热导率大于50 W/(m·K)的纯金属材料[20]

图4 中子辐照(2 dpa)对GlidCop Al25 IG和CuCrZr IG合金热导率的影响(辐照温度150和300℃)[17]

图5 辐照损伤对GlidCop Al25 IG和CuCrZr IG合金电阻率的影响(辐照温度150和300℃)[17]

图6 中子辐照对CuAl25和CuCrZr断裂韧性的影响[44]

图7 中子辐照对CuCrZr IG和CuAl25 IG均匀延伸率的影响[17]

图8 在DEMO偏滤器辐照环境下CuCrZr和Glid-Cop材料成分的变化[26]

图9 在约400℃下纯Cu和铜合金的体积肿胀与剂量关系[46]

图10 EU DEMO PFCs热沉管(CuZrCr)在3种高热负荷下的稳态温度分布(左侧)及对应热应力分布(包括HHF过程中应力分布(中间)，及冷却过程应力分布(右侧))[49]

表1 EU DEMO PFCs热沉管给定位置的稳态温度[49] (oC)

图11 温度对铜合金屈服强度的影响[50]

图12 铜合金的屈服强度与温度倒数的关系[51]

图13 铜合金的稳态热蠕变曲线[52]

图14 温度对铜合金断裂韧性的影响[51]

图15 中子辐照和温度对CuCrZr均匀延伸率与断裂韧性的影响[51]

图16 退火温度(保温2 h)对CuCrZr合金抗拉强度和屈服强度的影响[57]

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