金属学报, 2025, 61(11): 1638-1652 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00090

研究论文

固溶后处理对GH4706合金时效析出相演化及力学性能的影响

王冲1, 王磊,1, 段然2, 田强2, 黄烁,2, 赵光普2

1 东北大学 材料科学与工程学院 材料各向异性与织构教育部重点实验室 沈阳 110819

2 北京钢研高纳科技股份有限公司 北京 100081

Effects of Solution Post-Treatment on Precipitation Evolution During Aging of GH4706 Alloy and Its Mechanical Properties

WANG Chong1, WANG Lei,1, DUAN Ran2, TIAN Qiang2, HUANG Shuo,2, ZHAO Guangpu2

1 Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

2 Gaona Aero Material Co. Ltd., Beijing 100081, China

通讯作者: 王 磊,wanglei@mail.neu.edu.cn,主要从事高温合金微观组织控制与强韧化研究;黄 烁,shuang@cisri.com.cn,主要从事变形高温合金研究

责任编辑: 肖素红

收稿日期: 2024-03-24   修回日期: 2024-08-04  

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3705102)

Corresponding authors: WANG Lei, professor, Tel:(024)83681685, E-mail:wanglei@mail.neu.edu.cn;HUANG Shuo, senior engineer, Tel:(010)62188063, E-mail:shuang@cisri.com.cn

Received: 2024-03-24   Revised: 2024-08-04  

Fund supported: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3705102)

作者简介 About authors

王 冲,男,1997年生,博士生

摘要

针对大尺寸涡轮盘固溶后处理冷却速率受限的问题,以直径1500 mm的GH4706合金盘锻件为对象,研究了980 ℃固溶4 h后分别进行空冷(AA)、炉冷至825 ℃稳定化处理后空冷(FSA)、炉冷至825 ℃后空冷(FA)和炉冷至825 ℃后石棉冷却(FAs) 4种固溶后处理对合金时效析出相演化特征及力学性能的影响。结果表明,降低980~825 ℃间的冷速,促进了晶界η相的析出和长大,消耗了Ni、Ti元素,抑制了大尺寸η相周围γ'/γ"相析出,形成了胞状组织;降低825~600 ℃间的冷速,显著加速了γ'/γ"相长大呈立方状;FSA、FA和FAs处理后胞状组织体积分数分别为4.1%、1.0%和1.8%。AA和FA处理基本不影响合金的室温拉伸性能,FSA处理小幅降低了合金的拉伸塑性,FAs处理大幅损害了合金的室温屈服强度。胞状组织加速了室温冲击时合金中裂纹的形成和扩展,造成FSA处理合金冲击韧性较AA处理降低64%。但胞状组织可阻碍合金650 ℃持久实验过程中裂纹扩展并抑制微孔长大聚集,提高了合金的持久寿命。FAs处理时由于大尺寸γ'/γ"相降低了合金强度,从而缩短持久寿命。FA处理使合金析出了适量的胞状组织,显著提高了合金持久寿命,同时保持良好的室温拉伸和冲击性能,具有优异的综合性能。

关键词: GH4706合金; 固溶后冷却; 胞状组织; 冲击韧性; 持久性能

Abstract

GH4706 alloy is used for industrial gas turbine disks owing to its excellent properties, including high creep resistance, tensile strength, toughness, and microstructural stability up to approximately 650 oC. However, the increasing weight and size of large turbine disks have limited the cooling rate following the solution treatment, which hinders the control of the microstructure and mechanical properties of large GH4706 alloy disks. Herein, four solution post-treatments were conducted on a 1500-mm-diameter disk manufactured from GH4706 alloy after being treated at 980 oC for 4 h: air cooling + air cooling (AA), furnace cooling to 825 oC and stabilization treatment followed by air cooling (FSA), furnace cooling to 825 oC followed by air cooling (FA), and furnace cooling to 825 oC followed by asbestos cooling (FAs). The evolution of precipitates during aging (including for γ'/γ" coprecipitation and η phase) and their effects on mechanical properties were analyzed. Results indicated that reducing the cooling rate from 980 oC to 825 oC promoted the precipitation and growth of the η phase, leading to Ni and Ti consumptions. This inhibited γ'/γ" coprecipitation around the large η phase, thereby favoring the formation of a cellular microstructure. Further reduction in cooling rate from 825 oC to 600 oC substantially accelerated the growth of γ'/γ" coprecipitates into cubic forms. The volume fractions of the cellular microstructure in the FSA, FA, and FAs treatments were 4.1%, 1.0%, and 1.8%, respectively. The AA and FA treatments had negligible effects on the tensile properties of GH4706 alloy at room temperature; meanwhile, the FSA treatment slightly decreased tensile ductility. The FAs treatment led to a notable reduction in yield strength at room temperature. In impact testing at room temperature, the cellular microstructure accelerated crack initiation and propagation, resulting in a 64% lower impact toughness of GH4706 alloy for the FSA treatment compared to that for the AA treatment. However, during stress rupture testing at 650 oC, the cellular microstructure effectively hindered crack propagation and the growth and aggregation of micropores, thereby extending the rupture life. However, the FAs treatment reduced the rupture life due to strength loss caused by the large γ'/γ" coprecipitates. The FA treatment fostered an optimal level of cellular microstructure, thereby increasing the rupture life while maintaining excellent tensile and impact properties at room temperature, demonstrating remarkable overall mechanical properties.

Keywords: GH4706 alloy; cooling after solution treatment; cellular microstructure; impact toughness; stress rupture property

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王冲, 王磊, 段然, 田强, 黄烁, 赵光普. 固溶后处理对GH4706合金时效析出相演化及力学性能的影响[J]. 金属学报, 2025, 61(11): 1638-1652 DOI:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00090

WANG Chong, WANG Lei, DUAN Ran, TIAN Qiang, HUANG Shuo, ZHAO Guangpu. Effects of Solution Post-Treatment on Precipitation Evolution During Aging of GH4706 Alloy and Its Mechanical Properties[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2025, 61(11): 1638-1652 DOI:10.11900/0412.1961.2024.00090

GH4706合金是一种沉淀强化型Ni-Fe基变形高温合金,主要强化相有γ'相(Ni3(Al, Ti),L12结构)、γ"相(Ni3Nb,D022结构)及适量的η相(Ni3Ti,D024结构),在650 ℃以下具有良好的高温稳定性、耐腐蚀性能及抗蠕变性能,广泛用于重型燃气轮机涡轮盘锻件的制备[1~3]。随着重型燃机热效率和功率的提升,所需制备的涡轮盘尺寸直径已超过1500 mm,所需锻件重量超过5 t[3~5]。随着涡轮盘锻件尺寸和重量的增大,固溶后处理过程中的冷却速率受到限制,影响了GH4706合金大尺寸涡轮盘的组织和性能控制。

γ'相、γ"相和η相作为GH4706合金的主要强化相,其析出尺寸、形貌及体积分数是决定合金力学性能的关键因素[6~8]。为使γ'相和γ"相具有最佳的强化效果,GH4706合金涡轮盘锻件在固溶后处理中需快速冷却,避免γ'相和γ"相在连续冷却过程中粗化,但这也阻碍了η相析出,不利于合金的持久性能[9~11]。利用稳定化处理(固溶处理和时效处理之间增加一次中间保温处理),可有效促进晶界处η相析出,提高合金的持久寿命,但会使γ'相和γ"相尺寸增大,降低合金拉伸强度[12~15]。Mukherji等[16]研究了在固溶后冷却过程中直接稳定化处理的Inconel 706合金析出相的演化规律,指出晶界处η相可在固溶后慢冷阶段析出,且γ'相和γ"相尺寸受稳定化温度的显著影响,但并未研究析出相演化对合金力学性能的影响。如上所述,GH4706合金的传统热处理工艺不利于冷速受限的大尺寸轮盘锻件的综合服役性能,因此研究固溶后处理过程中析出相演化对大尺寸涡轮盘力学性能的影响具有重要意义。

本工作根据GH4706合金中γ'相、γ"相和η相的析出特征[17,18],采用直径1500 mm大尺寸盘锻件开展固溶后冷却工艺研究,对比分析了4种固溶后的控冷处理。结合组织表征和力学性能测试等手段,分析了4种固溶后处理对合金的显微组织(尤其是η相的演化特征)及力学性能的影响,为探明析出相演化与合金力学性能的交互作用提供支撑,为提升大尺寸GH4706合金涡轮盘综合力学性能提供基础。

1 实验方法

本工作所用GH4706合金的名义化学成分(质量分数,%)为:C 0.02,Al 0.2,Ti 1.8,Nb 3.0,Cr 16.3,Fe 36.0,Ni余量。合金经真空感应熔炼、电渣重熔与真空自耗重熔三联冶炼成直径810 mm铸锭,锻造开坯成直径600 mm棒材后模锻成型为直径1500 mm的盘锻件。如图1所示,沿径向按90°将盘锻件等分为4块,分别用于不同的固溶后处理工艺,在锻件上打孔插入热电偶,实测不同处理工艺的固溶后冷却速率。本工作设计了4种经980 ℃保温4 h固溶处理后的冷却工艺,分别为:固溶后直接空冷至室温(air cooling + air cooling,AA),其中980~825 ℃冷速为25 ℃/min、825~600 ℃冷速为6 ℃/min;固溶后炉冷至825 ℃保温3.5 h稳定化处理后空冷(furnace cooling + stabilization + air cooling,FSA),其中980~825 ℃冷速为0.5 ℃/min、825~600 ℃冷速为6 ℃/min;固溶后炉冷至825 ℃后空冷至室温(furnace cooling + air cooling,FA),其中980~825 ℃冷速为0.5 ℃/min、825~600 ℃冷速为6 ℃/min;固溶后炉冷至825 ℃后石棉冷至室温(furnace cooling + asbestos cooling,FAs),其中980~825 ℃冷速为0.5 ℃/min、825~600 ℃冷速为1 ℃/min。工艺示意图见图2

图1

图1   GH4706涡轮盘取样位置示意图

Fig.1   Schematic of sample cutting position in the GH4706 turbine disc (R—radius)


图2

图2   GH4706合金固溶后处理工艺示意图

Fig.2   Schematics of solution post-treatment processes of GH4706 alloy

(a) air cooling + air cooling (AA) (b) furnace cooling + stabilization + air cooling (FSA)

(c) furnace cooling + air cooling (FA) (d) furnace cooling + asbestos cooling (FAs)


固溶后处理完成后,在锻件半径3/4位置沿轴向取样进行双级时效处理:730 ℃保温8 h后以55 ℃/h冷速降至620 ℃保温8 h,出炉空冷至室温。热处理完成后,进行组织观察与力学性能测试。

选取不同热处理后的试块沿轴向加工成力学性能测试用试样,室温拉伸(GB/T 228.1—2021)试样和650 ℃、690 MPa持久实验(GB/T 2039—2012)试样标距段均为直径5 mm、长25 mm;若持久寿命超过23 h,每8 h增加35 MPa应力直至断裂;V型缺口冲击测试(GB/T 229—2020)试样尺寸为10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm,缺口深度2 mm。采用GX71型金相显微镜(OM)和JSM 7800F型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)配备的Symmetry S2型电子背散射衍射(EBSD)探头分析晶粒组织和力学试样断口纵截面局部取向差(kernel average misorientation,KAM)分布,EBSD扫描步长为1~3 μm。使用配有能谱仪(EDS)的JSM 7800F型SEM分析不同热处理后的析出相演化与断口表面及纵截面组织特征。利用Tecnai G2 F20型透射电镜(TEM)表征析出相形貌和晶体结构特征。针对胞状组织,进行了高角环形暗场(HAADF)像表征和EDS成分分析,并利用透射Kikuchi衍射技术(TKD)表征几何必需位错(GND)分布,扫描步长0.01 μm。TEM样品采用双喷减薄,电解液为10%HClO4酒精溶液(体积分数),双喷温度为-30 ℃、电流为20 mA。采用Image-Pro Plus软件定量统计晶粒和强化相尺寸及胞状组织体积分数,选择5个视场取平均值。

2 实验结果

2.1 晶粒组织特征

图3为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金的OM像和EBSD晶界重构图,表1定量统计了重位点阵(coincidence site lattice,CSL)晶界的体积分数。可见,4种不同固溶后处理合金的晶粒度均为ASTM 4.5级,且CSL晶界体积分数基本一致,这表明固溶后处理不影响合金晶粒度和CSL晶界体积分数。另外,FSA、FA和FAs处理后合金晶界处析出了胞状组织,如图3c、eg中箭头所示。

图3

图3   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金晶粒组织形貌的OM像和EBSD晶界重构图

Fig.3   OM images (a, c, e, g) and EBSD grain boundary reconstruction maps (b, d, f, h) showing the grain microstructures of GH4706 alloy after AA (a, b), FSA (c, d), FA (e, f), and FAs (g, h) solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment (Arrows in Figs.3c, e, and g show the cellular microstructures, CSL—coincidence site lattice)


表1   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金重位点阵(CSL)晶界的体积分数 (%)

Table 1  Volume fractions of CSL boundaries in GH4706 alloy after different solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment

Solution post-treatmentΣ3Σ9Σ27
AA34.60.60.3
FSA37.60.80.2
FA36.30.60.1
FAs34.80.70.2

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2.2 时效析出相特征

图45分别为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金析出相形貌的SEM像和TEM像及选区电子衍射(SAED)花样。由图4可见,AA处理后η相在晶界呈短棒状析出,FSA、FA和FAs处理后η相尺寸显著增大并向晶内长大,且由大尺寸η相及其周围的无析出相区(precipitation free zone,PFZ)和小尺寸γ'/γ"相形成了胞状组织。由5a、c、e和g可见,胞状组织中的η相与γ基体具有如下取向关系[19,20]:{111¯}γ // {0001}η、<11¯0>γ // <21¯1¯0>η。SEM观察显示,AA、FSA和FA处理后γ'/γ"相均呈球形析出(图4b、df),而FAs处理后γ'/γ"相尺寸明显增大呈立方状(图4h),但TEM观察下均呈“三明治”形析出(图5b、d、fh)。这表明降低980~825 ℃冷速有利于合金析出胞状组织,而降低825~600 ℃冷速增大了γ'/γ''相尺寸。图6为胞状组织中η相的HAADF像和EDS面扫描图。可见,胞状组织中η相主要富集Ni和Ti元素。图7为胞状组织中GND的TKD像及GND密度正态分布统计图。可见,胞状组织的GND密度(5.23 × 1016 m-2)明显大于相邻正常组织的GND密度(3.57 × 1016 m-2)。

图4

图4   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金析出相形貌的SEM像

Fig.4   Low (a, c, e, g) and locally high (b, d, f, h) magnified SEM images of γ'/γ" phase and η phase characteristics in GH4706 alloy after AA (a, b), FSA (c, d), FA (e, f), and FAs (g, h) solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment (PFZ—precipitation free zone)


图5

图5   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金析出相形貌的TEM像和选区电子衍射(SAED)花样

Fig.5   TEM images and corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns (insets) of η phase (a, c, e, g) and γ'/γ'' phase (b, d, f, h) characteristics of GH4706 alloy after AA (a, b), FSA (c, d), FA (e, f), and FAs (g, h) solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment


图6

图6   胞状组织中η相的高角环形暗场(HAADF)像和EDS面扫描图

Fig.6   High angle annular dark field (HAADF) image and corresponding EDS mappings of η phase in the cellular micro-structure


图7

图7   胞状组织中几何必需位错(GND)的透射Kikuchi衍射(TKD)像及GND密度正态分布统计图

Fig.7   Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) image of geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) in cellular micro-structure (a) and corresponding normal distribution statistical diagram of GND density (b) (ρGND—GND density)


表2为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金中胞状组织体积分数及γ'/γ''相的尺寸和体积分数。可见,FSA、FA和FAs处理后胞状组织的体积分数分别为4.1%、1.0%和1.8%,且胞状组织中的γ'/γ''相的尺寸和体积分数明显小于相邻的正常组织。AA、FSA和FA处理后合金的γ'/γ''相的尺寸相差不大,而FAs处理合金的γ'/γ''相尺寸明显增大为50.7 nm,AA处理合金的γ'/γ''相体积分数小幅增加。

表2   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金中胞状组织的体积分数和γ'/γ''相的尺寸及体积分数

Table 2  Volume fractions of cellular microstructure and precipitation sizes and volume fractions of γ'/γ'' phase in GH4706 alloy after different solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment

Solution post-treatmentfc / %d1 / nmf1 / %d2 / nmf2 / %
AA---21.526.5
FSA4.115.412.021.124.2
FA1.018.816.821.724.8
FAs1.821.314.950.724.7

Note:fc—volume fraction of cellular microstructure, d1diameter of γ'/γ'' phase in cellular microstructure, f1—volume fraction of γ'/γ'' phase in cellular microstructure, d2diameter of γ'/γ'' phase in normal microstructure, f2—volume fraction of γ'/γ'' phase in normal microstructure

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2.3 GH4706合金的力学性能

图8为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金的力学性能对比。AA处理后合金具有良好的室温拉伸和室温冲击韧性,但持久寿命和塑性均较低;FSA处理与AA处理后合金的室温拉伸强度相当,拉伸塑性小幅降低,持久寿命提高73%,塑性提高267%,但室温冲击韧性大幅降低64%;FA处理与FSA处理后合金的室温拉伸强度相当,拉伸塑性得到改善,持久寿命降低13%,冲击韧性提高100%,具有优异的综合性能;FAs处理与FA处理后合金的室温冲击韧性相当,但室温屈服强度降低17%且持久寿命降低78%,而持久塑性大幅提高。

图8

图8   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金力学性能对比

Fig.8   Comparisons of mechanical properties of GH4706 alloy after different solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment

(a) tensile properties at room temperature (Rm—ultimate tensile strength, Rp0.2—yield strength, A—elongation, Z—reduction of area)

(b) impact toughness at room temperature

(c) stress rupture properties at 650 oC and 690 MPa (τ—stress rupture life, δ—elongation)


图9为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金冲击断口表面形貌的SEM像。可见,冲击断口均由纤维区、放射区和剪切区组成(图9a1~d1)。随冲击韧性降低,纤维区面积逐渐减小,AA、FSA、FA和FAs处理后纤维区所占面积分数分别为30%、18%、22%和23%,表明纤维区对合金冲击韧性影响较大[21]。通过观察缺口附近纤维区(图9a2~d2a3~d3)可见,AA处理的冲击断口具有数量较多的韧窝(图9a3中黑色箭头所示),呈现穿晶断裂特征;FSA处理的冲击断口为明显的晶粒形貌(图9b3),呈沿晶断裂特征;FA和FAs处理的冲击断口为韧窝形貌且伴随着沿晶断裂形貌(图9c3d3中黄色箭头所示),呈穿晶与沿晶混合断裂特征。

图9

图9   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金冲击断口表面形貌的SEM像

Fig.9   Fracture surface SEM images of impact samples after AA (a1-a3), FSA (b1-b3), FA (c1-c3), and FAs (d1-d3) solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment with different magnifications (Red arrows in Figs.9a1-d1 denote the directions of cracks propagation, and yellow arrows in Figs.9c3 and d3 denote the intergranular fracture plane)


图10为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金持久试样断口表面形貌的SEM像。可见,AA、FA与FSA处理后合金的持久断口均具有明显的沿晶断裂区并伴随着二次裂纹(图10a~f),而FAs处理后持久断口呈现中心沿晶断裂界面减少且边缘剪切断裂的“类拉伸断裂”特征(图10gh)。由图10b、d、fh可见,AA处理后沿晶断裂区的晶粒表面光滑(图10b);FSA和FA处理后沿晶断裂区的部分晶粒表面呈现类台阶状特征(图10df中黄色箭头所示);FAs处理后持久断口中心表面具有明显的韧窝(图10h)。

图10

图10   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金持久试样断口表面形貌的SEM像

Fig.10   Low (a, c, e, g) and locally high (b, d, f, h) magnified fracture surface SEM images of stress rupture samples after AA (a, b), FSA (c, d), FA (e, f), and FAs (g, h) solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment (Yellow arrows in Figs.10d and f denote the step fracture features)


3 分析与讨论

3.1 固溶后处理对GH4706合金时效析出相演化的影响

Schilke等[22]研究表明,固溶温度的升高会促进GH4706合金晶粒长大,固溶时间对晶粒尺寸影响较小。本工作固溶处理均为980 ℃保温4 h,故不同固溶后处理下合金的晶粒尺寸相差不大。并且由于CSL晶界主要在晶粒长大过程中形成,因此其在不同固溶后处理下数量基本一致。

η相在GH4706合金中主要有2种生成方式[16,23]:(1) γη + γmod (γmod代表γ基体成分改变),高温下η相由γ基体中直接在晶界处析出;(2) γγmod + γ'η + γmod,在长期热暴露时γ'相直接转变成η相。图11为JMatPro模拟计算和不同固溶后处理实测得到的GH4706合金的连续冷却转变(continuous-cooling-transformation,CCT)结果。图11a为JMatPro模拟计算的CCT图,将模拟计算的冷却速率替换为不同固溶后处理的实测冷却速率,如图11b所示。可见,η相的析出温度为960 ℃,与Heck[17]报道的954 ℃接近,当冷却速率低于1.7 ℃/min时有利于η相的析出(图11a)。这表明固溶后降低980~825 ℃冷速(0.5 ℃/min)的FSA、FA和FAs处理有利于η相通过方式1析出(图11b),且经825 ℃保温3.5 h的FSA处理时,η相析出数量明显多于FA和FAs处理。同时,由于η相与γ基体具有固定位向关系,hcp结构的η相只有一组平行于(0001)的低能量界面,促使其彼此平行地向晶粒内部生长。

图11

图11   JMatPro模拟计算和不同固溶后处理实测的连续冷却转变(CCT)图

Fig.11   Continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams of JMatPro simulation (a) and the actual solution post-treatments (b) (Inset in Fig.11b shows the locally enlarged diagram)


η相的析出消耗了γ'相的形成元素Ni和Ti[20,24](图6),因此大尺寸η相周围的γ'/γ''相的尺寸减小且体积分数降低,形成PFZ (图4d、fh)。因此,在FSA、FA和FAs处理后形成由大尺寸η相及其周围PFZ和小尺寸γ'/γ''相组成的胞状组织。同时,η相的析出降低了基体中的Ti含量,使得FSA、FA和FAs处理合金中的γ'/γ''相体积分数略低于AA处理合金。降低825~600 ℃冷速有利于Al、Ti和Nb元素扩散,显著增加了FAs处理合金中的γ'/γ''相尺寸。

3.2 固溶后处理对GH4706合金室温性能的影响

研究[25,26]表明,当γ"相半径大于25 nm时将极大地降低其对合金的强化效果,FAs处理后析出的大尺寸γ'/γ''相降低了合金室温屈服强度。同时,胞状组织中的η相起到了阻碍位错迁移和抑制晶界滑动的作用,小幅降低了FSA处理合金的室温拉伸塑性。随着胞状组织数量的减少,FA和FAs处理合金的拉伸塑性得到了改善。

FA处理合金的γ'/γ''相尺寸远小于FAs处理合金,但2者的冲击韧性(图8b)和冲击断口形貌(图9c3d3)基本一致,表明晶内γ'/γ''相基本不影响合金的冲击韧性。而胞状组织体积分数最大的FSA处理合金,其冲击韧性大幅降低(图8b),断口形貌(图9b3)呈沿晶断裂特征,表明晶界析出相显著影响合金的冲击韧性。图12为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金室温冲击试样断口缺口附近纤维区纵截面组织的KAM图和SEM像。可见,晶界处产生较大的应力集中(图12a、c、eg),进一步表明晶界状态是影响合金冲击韧性的主要因素。冲击裂纹在(Nb, Ti)C碳化物(图12b、d、fh中红色箭头所示)处和胞状组织(图12d、fh中蓝色箭头所示)处形成,尤其是FSA处理合金明显地出现沿晶界胞状组织扩展的裂纹,且其周围的滑移带数量增加。本工作中各合金均进行相同的固溶处理,且后续热处理不会改变合金中一次碳化物的析出状态[17,27],因此碳化物基本不影响本工作合金的冲击韧性[21,28~30]。而胞状组织的形成增加了GND密度(图7),在冲击变形过程中降低了位错迁移率和位错运动的平均自由程;并且胞状组织中的η相难以协调与γ基体的变形,位错穿过大尺寸η相所需能量较高,促使平面滑移集中(图12d、fh)。因此,裂纹易于在胞状组织处形成,从而降低了合金的冲击韧性。

图12

图12   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金室温冲击试样断口纵截面组织的局部取向差(KAM)图和SEM像

Fig.12   Kernel average misorientation (KAM) maps (a, c, e, g) and SEM images (b, d, f, h) showing the fracture morphologies of longitudinal sections of the impact test samples at room temperature after AA (a, b), FSA (c, d), FA (e, f), and FAs (g, h) solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment (Red arrows in Figs.12b, d, f, and h show the (Nb, Ti)C, and blue arrows in Figs.12d, f, and h show the cellular microstructures. Inset images in Figs.12d, f, and h show the locally enlarged views, inset curve in Fig.12d shows the EDS result of (Nb, Ti)C)


为分析胞状组织对冲击裂纹形成和扩展阶段的影响,进一步对比分析了冲击吸收功(Ak)的各组成部分。Ak为冲击韧性与试样截面积的乘积,通常由3部分组成[31,32]

Ak=Ee+Ep+Ec

式中,Ee为弹性变形功,是冲击载荷-位移曲线的起始点至屈服载荷(Py)的曲线与横轴位移包围的面积;Ep为塑性变形功,是冲击载荷-位移曲线的Py至最大载荷(Pm)的曲线与横轴位移包围的面积;Ec为裂纹扩展功,是冲击载荷-位移曲线的Pm至载荷终止的曲线与横轴位移包围的面积。Ee + Ep与塑性切变区域的产生和扩展相关,代表着裂纹形成的难易程度;Ec与裂纹的扩展相关,代表阻碍裂纹扩展的能力[31]图13为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金的冲击载荷-位移曲线和冲击吸收功-位移曲线,冲击吸收功各组成对比列于表3。可见,不同固溶后处理的Ee基本一致,即胞状组织在此阶段对冲击性能无影响。相对于无胞状组织析出的AA处理,FA和FAs处理后Ec降低超32%,表明胞状组织降低了阻碍裂纹扩展能力,使得合金冲击吸收功减小。而FSA处理后EpEc相较于FA和FAs处理进一步减小,表明胞状组织不仅降低了阻碍裂纹扩展能力而且加速了裂纹形成,造成FSA处理合金的冲击吸收功大幅降低。

图13

图13   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金的冲击载荷-位移曲线和冲击吸收功-位移曲线

Fig.13   Impact load-displacement (a) and impact absorb energy-displacement (b) curves of GH4706 alloy after different solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment (Py—yield load, Pm—maximum load)


表3   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金冲击吸收功各组成对比 (J)

Table 3  Comparisons of the impact absorption energy components of GH4706 alloy after different solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment

Solution

post-treatment

EeEpEc
AA5.9518.5752.26
FSA6.915.6914.68
FA6.1414.4435.59
FAs6.3917.7933.77

Note:Ee—elastic deformation energy, Epplastic deformation energy, Ec—propagation energy

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3.3 固溶后处理对GH4706合金高温持久性能的影响

图10可见,持久试样断口的沿晶断裂区约占整体断口面积的1/3,表明持久寿命主要取决于裂纹在此区域的萌生与扩展。这是因为在550 ℃以上温度受力时,镍基和Ni-Fe基高温合金易受“应力加速晶界氧化”(stress assisted grain boundary oxidation,SAGBO)作用的影响而降低晶界强化效果,促进裂纹沿晶界扩展,因此不利于合金持久寿命[33,34]图14为不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金持久试样断口纵截面沿晶断裂区组织的KAM图和SEM像,其中对FAs处理合金持久试样表征了中心位置。可见,持久裂纹沿晶扩展的过程常伴随着晶界处微孔的萌生、长大和聚集。FSA处理合金微孔附近的大尺寸η相明显发生弯曲(图14d中蓝色箭头所示),表明微孔的长大、聚集被胞状组织所抑制。FSA处理合金持久延伸率的提高是因为大尺寸η相附近PFZ具有良好的塑性[14],高温下协调了γ基体的变形,在图14c中表现为晶界位置的取向差增大。FA处理合金的胞状组织(图14f中蓝色箭头所示)中η相明显起到阻碍裂纹扩展的作用:位置Ⅰ胞状组织使晶界呈台阶状断裂;位置Ⅱ在裂纹尖端的大尺寸η相明显发生弯曲变形。FAs处理增加了合金中γ'/γ"相尺寸和析出相间距,降低了合金强度但提高了合金塑性[35]。因此在650 ℃持久实验过程中,合金发生变形而使应力集中在晶界处,导致了裂纹萌生并使其沿受力方向45°扩展(图14g),使得FAs处理持久试样断口呈现“类拉伸断裂”特征。值得指出的是,经常在无胞状组织的晶界处观察到裂纹(图14h),这也佐证了胞状组织在持久过程中对晶界的强化作用。

图14

图14   不同固溶后处理和双级时效后GH4706合金持久试样断口纵截面组织的KAM图和SEM像

Fig.14   KAM maps (a, c, e, g) and SEM images (b, d, f, h) showing the fracture morphologies of longitudinal sections of the stress rupture test samples at 650 oC and 690 MPa after AA (a, b), FSA (c, d), FA (e, f), and FAs (g, h) solution post-treatments and the two-stage aging treatment (Blue arrows in Figs.14d, f, and h show the cellular microstructures. Inset images in Fig.14f show the locally enlarged views)


综上可知,GH4706合金固溶后不同温度范围的冷却速率显著影响γ'/γ"相和η相的析出行为及合金的力学性能。降低980~825 ℃冷速,促进了胞状组织的形成,提高了合金持久寿命;825 ℃稳定化处理促使胞状组织大量析出,大幅降低了合金室温冲击性能;降低825~600 ℃冷速造成γ'/γ"相粗化,大幅降低了合金的室温屈服强度和持久寿命。FA处理使合金具有弥散细小的γ'/γ"相及适量的胞状组织,在保证合金良好室温拉伸和冲击性能的基础上,显著改善了持久寿命,使合金具有优异的综合性能。本工作确定了影响GH4706合金析出相演化的固溶后冷却温度范围,为合金固溶后冷却处理调控析出相和优化力学性能提供了基础。

4 结论

(1) 固溶后处理对GH4706合金的晶粒度和CSL晶界无明显影响。降低980~825 ℃冷速,促进了晶界η相析出及长大,消耗了Ni和Ti元素,抑制了大尺寸η相周围γ'/γ"相析出,形成胞状组织。825 ℃稳定化处理可增加胞状组织体积分数。降低825~600 ℃冷速,显著加速了γ'/γ"相长大,呈立方状。

(2) 降低980~825 ℃冷速提高了GH4706合金的持久寿命,且保持了良好的室温冲击韧性和拉伸性能。825 ℃稳定化处理有利于合金持久寿命,但略降低了室温拉伸塑性、大幅损害了冲击韧性。降低825~600 ℃冷速,则同时大幅降低了合金的室温屈服强度和持久寿命。

(3) 胞状组织可阻碍GH4706合金650 ℃持久实验过程中裂纹扩展并抑制微孔长大聚集,提高了合金持久寿命。通过固溶后分段冷却方式,可有效调控GH4706合金γ'/γ"相和胞状组织的析出行为,有利于提高合金的综合性能。

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