Corrosion and Cavitation Erosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steels Produced by Laser Metal Deposition

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00382

Acta Metall Sin

2024, Vol. 60

Issue (11): 1512-1530 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00382

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Corrosion and Cavitation Erosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steels Produced by Laser Metal Deposition

JIANG Huazhen¹, PENG Shuang², HU Qiyun¹^,³, WANG Guangyi², CHEN Qisheng¹^,³(

), LI Zhengyang¹^,³(

), SUN Huilei¹^,⁴, FANG Jiahuiyu¹^,³

1 Wide Field Flight Engineering Science and Application Center, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2 Collage of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
3 School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4 School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China

Cite this article:

JIANG Huazhen, PENG Shuang, HU Qiyun, WANG Guangyi, CHEN Qisheng, LI Zhengyang, SUN Huilei, FANG Jiahuiyu. Corrosion and Cavitation Erosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steels Produced by Laser Metal Deposition. Acta Metall Sin, 2024, 60(11): 1512-1530.

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Abstract

Corrosion and cavitation erosion are important indicators for evaluating the performance and reliability of hydraulic machinery. Laser metal deposition (LMD), as an important technique for both surface modification and complex component fabrication, is proven to be effective in enhancing the mechanical properties of materials. In this study, 316L stainless steel (316L SS) samples were fabricated using LMD and the effects of laser power, scanning strategy, surface remelting, and build direction on the electrochemical corrosion and cavitation erosion resistance of the LMD-produced samples were systematically studied. The obtained results were compared with those of a wrought counterpart. The corrosion resistance of the LMD-produced samples in a 3.5%NaCl solution was tested via open-circuit potential measurement and potentiodynamic polarization tests. Also, the cavitation erosion resistance of the LMD-produced samples was studied according to different process parameters. The microstructure of the forged 316L SS sample was characterized with uniformly distributed equiaxed grains, whereas the LMD-produced samples exhibited a process-dependent nonequilibrium microstructure consisting of high-/low-angle grain boundaries, tortuous grains, cellular/dendritic substructures, and processing-related defects. The grain size of the LMD-produced 316L SS sample was much larger than that of the forged 316L SS. By increasing the laser power or changing the sample from horizontally built to vertically built, both the grain size and dendritic arm spacing of the material tended to increase. However, when surface remelting and the 90°-rotation scanning strategy were adopted, the changes in the grain size and dendritic arm spacing of the material were obviously different. Results of a microhardness test showed that the dendritic arm spacing can better match the microhardness evolution than the grain size. This microstructural difference also led to a significantly different electrochemical corrosion and cavitation erosion performance from that of the forged 316L SS. Results of an electrochemical corrosion test showed that the corrosion resistance of the LMD-produced 316L SS sample was much better than that of the forged 316L SS, i.e., the polarization resistance (R_p) of the LMD-produced 316L SS sample under different processing increased by about 2-98 times, while the corrosion current density (i_corr) decreased by one to two orders of magnitude. The test results of an ultrasonic vibration cavitation system showed that the cavitation erosion resistance of the LMD-produced 316L SS sample was better than that of the forged 316L SS. However, stress concentration may be induced in local areas such as pores and grain boundaries, which, in turn, facilitate preferentially cavitation damage in these areas. Also, protrusion topography appeared, and gradually disappeared to form a large number of dimples in the subsequent cavitation erosion process. The cavitation erosion resistance of the material mainly depended on its local mechanical properties. The microhardness test results showed that the hardness of the LMD-produced 316L SS sample was significantly higher than that of the forged sample, so its cavitation erosion resistance was significantly improved. However, because of the heterogeneous microstructure and process-related pore defects formed in the LMD-produced samples, the microhardness contour exhibited a spatially nonuniform distribution characteristic; hence, the surface morphology of the LMD-produced 316L SS sample was seriously eroded in some local areas after cavitation.

Key words: additive manufacturing laser metal deposition 316L stainless steel corrosion cavitation erosion microhardness

Received: 15 August 2022

ZTFLH:

TH16

Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(11772344)

Corresponding Authors: CHEN Qisheng, professor, Tel: (010)82544092, E-mail: qschen@imech.ac.cn;
LI Zhengyang, associate professor, Tel: (010)82544258, E-mail: zyli@imech.ac.cn

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	JIANG Huazhen
	PENG Shuang
	HU Qiyun
	WANG Guangyi
	CHEN Qisheng
	LI Zhengyang
	SUN Huilei
	FANG Jiahuiyu

URL:

https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00382 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2024/V60/I11/1512

Fig.1 Experimental details in the study
(a) image showing the as-used 316L powder
(b) scanning strategy used in the study
(c) sketch of build orientation and test surface for laser metal deposition (LMD)-produced samples

Table 1 Sample notations according to different process parameters

Fig.2 Schematic of the ultrasonic cavitation erosion equipment

Fig.3 Microstructure characteristics of wrought 316L stainless steel (SS)
(a) SEM image (b) EBSD inverse pole figure (IPF) image (c) grain size distribution
(d) misorientation angle distribution (e) microhardness contour

Fig.4 Relative densities of LMD-produced 316L (LMD-316L) SS fabricated by different process parameters and the representative defects images

Fig.5 SEM images of LMD-316L SS fabricated by different process parameters
(a) No.1 (b) No.2 (c) No.3 (d) No.4 (e) No.5 (f) No.6

Fig.6 EBSD images of LMD-316L SS fabricated by different process parameters (TD—transverse direction, BD—building direction, LD—longitudinal direction)
(a) No.1 (b) No.2 (c) No.3 (d) No.4 (e) No.5 (f) No.6

Fig.7 Grain size distributions of LMD-316L SS fabricated by different process parameters
(a) No.1 (b) No.2 (c) No.3 (d) No.4 (e) No.5 (f) No.6

Fig.8 Misorientation angle distributions of LMD-316L SS fabricated by different process parameters
(a) No.1 (b) No.2 (c) No.3 (d) No.4 (e) No.5 (f) No.6

Fig.9 Microhardness contours for LMD-316L SS fabricated by different process parameters
(a) No.1 (b) No.2 (c) No.3 (d) No.4 (e) No.5 (f) No.6

Table 2 Microhardnesses of LMD-316L SS samples fabricated by different process parameters

Fig.10 Open-circuit potentials (E_OCP) of LMD-316L SS and wrought 316L SS measured in 3.5%NaCl solution for samples produced by different processing parameters
(a) effect of laser power (b) effect of surface remelting (c) effect of scanning strategy (d) effect of printing direction

Fig.11 Potentiodynamic polarization curves of LMD-316L SS and wrought 316L SS produced by different processing parameters measured at a scan rate of 0.001 V/s (Note that the abscissa is shown in logarithm. E_corr—corrosion potential, E_pit—pitting potential)
(a) effect of laser power (b) effect of surface remelting (c) effect of scanning strategy (d) effect of printing direction

Table 3 Electrochemical parameters of LMD-316L SS and wrought 316L SS in 3.5%NaCl solution (These parameters are obtained from its corresponding potentiodynamic polarization curves)

Fig.12 Topographies of wrought 316L SS after 0.5 h (a, b) and 4 h (c, d) of the cavitation test (a, c) SEM images (Inset in Fig.12c is the local magnified image) (b, d) images obtained by 3D white light interferometric surface topography (The color bar shows the height of the surface, the same below)

Fig.13 Topographies of sample No.1 after 0.5 h (a, b) and 4 h (c, d) of the cavitation test (a, c) SEM images (Inset in Fig.13c is the local magnified image) (b, d) images obtained by 3D white light interferometric surface topography

Fig.14 Topographies of sample No.2 after 0.5 h (a, b) and 4 h (c, d) of the cavitation test (a, c) SEM images (Inset in Fig.14c is the local magnified image) (b, d) images obtained by 3D white light interferometric surface topography

Fig.15 Topographies of sample No.3 after 0.5 h (a, b) and 4 h (c, d) of the cavitation test (a, c) SEM images (Inset in Fig.15c is the local magnified image) (b, d) images obtained by 3D white light interferometric surface topography

Fig.16 Topographies of sample No.4 after 0.5 h (a, b) and 4 h (c, d) of the cavitation test (a, c) SEM images (Insets in Figs.16a and c are the local magnified images) (b, d) images obtained by 3D white light interferometric surface topography

Fig.17 Topographies of sample No.5 after 0.5 h (a, b) and 4 h (c, d) of the cavitation test (a, c) SEM images (Insets in Figs.17a and c are the local magnified images) (b, d) images obtained by 3D white light interferometric surface topography

Fig.18 Topographies of sample No.6 after 0.5 h (a, b) and 4 h (c, d) of the cavitation test (a, c) SEM images (b, d) images obtained by 3D white light interferometric surface topography

Fig.19 Three parameters which characterize the topographic features of LMD-316L SS and wrought 316L SS samples after 0.5 and 4 h of the cavitation tests
(a) surface roughness (S_a)
(b) root mean square deviation of a surface (S_q)
(c) ten-point height of a surface (S_z)

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