Heterostructured Metallic Materials: Plastic Deformation and Strain Hardening

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00327

Acta Metall Sin

2022, Vol. 58

Issue (11): 1349-1359 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00327

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Heterostructured Metallic Materials: Plastic Deformation and Strain Hardening

WU Xiaolei¹(

), ZHU Yuntian²^,³(

)

^1.State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^2.Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
^3.Shenyang National Laboratory of Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

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WU Xiaolei, ZHU Yuntian. Heterostructured Metallic Materials: Plastic Deformation and Strain Hardening. Acta Metall Sin, 2022, 58(11): 1349-1359.

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Abstract

Strong and tough metallic materials are desired for light-weight structural applications in transportation and aerospace industries. Recently, heterostructures have been found to possess unprecedented strength-and-ductility synergy, which is until now considered impossible to achieve. Heterostructured metallic materials comprise heterogeneous zones with dramatic variations (> 100%) particularly in mechanical properties. The interaction in these hetero-zones produces a synergistic effect wherein the integrated property exceeds the prediction by the rule-of-mixtures. More importantly, the heterostructured materials can be produced by current industrial facilities at large scale and low cost. The superior properties of heterostructured materials are attributed to the heterodeformation induced (HDI) strengthening and strain hardening, which is produced by the piling-up of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs). These GNDs are needed to accommodate the strain gradient near hetero-zone boundaries, across which there is high mechanical incompatibility and strain partitioning. This paper classifies the types of heterostructures and delineates the deformation behavior and mechanisms of heterostructured materials.

Key words: heterostructure heterostructure unit strain gradient geometrically necessary dislocation strain hardening ductility gradient structure lamellar structure

Received: 04 July 2022

ZTFLH:

TG14

Fund: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0204402/3);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0209902);National Natural Science Foundation of China(11988102);National Natural Science Foundation of China(11972350);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51931003);Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB22040503)

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2022.00327 OR https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2022/V58/I11/1349

Fig.1 Heterostructures (HSs) in metallic materials
(a, b) zone HSs. Typical examples are gradient structure (a) and lamellar structure (b) (Thick dull-red lines: hetero-zone boundaries; NG: nano-grain; CG: coarse grain)
(c) sub-zone HSs of four kinds, respectively, with the low-angle grain boundary (LAGB), nano-twin (NT), nano-precipitate (NP), and chemical short-range order (CSRO) inside the grain interior, all independently as the sub-constituent of HSs
(d) composite-like HSs, usually with dual-gradients in both grain size and nano-twin (left)/nano-precipitate (right)

Fig.2 Schematic of characteristic zones in a heterostructure (Upper panel: yield strength (σ_y), plastic strain (ε_p), and strain gradient (λ), all as a function of grain size. Thereinto, σ_y obeys the Hall-Petch relationship, while both ε_p and λ are of the plasticity-related size effect^[28,29]. Shadow area: the maximal strain gradient and strongest strain hardening, usually in the micron range, as the criterion for the HS design^[24,26,27]. Lower panel: characteristic HS zones, with a sharply contrasting (σ_y, ε_p) combination for the hard/soft zones. HB: hetero-zone boundary. NG here represents nano-grain of high-density dislocation tangles at/inside both the boundaries and interiors)

Fig.3 Two characteristic mechanical responses during tensile deformation in heterostructures
(a) distribution of λ. Upon straining, the initial HB extends to the hetero-zone boundary affected region (HBAR)^[27,52]
(b) mechanical hysteresis loop during unload-reload cycle^[55](

σ y u

and

σ y r

: yield stresses upon unload and reload, respectively; ε_rp (the maximal loop width): residual plastic strain)

Fig.4 Hetero-deformation-induced stress (HDI-stress) in terms of the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) pile-up
(a) back stress (σ_back) and forward stress (σ_forward) exerted on CG and NG, respectively, as a function of distance inside the hetero-zone boundary affected region (HBAR). F-R: Frank-Reed source to form the dislocation pile-up on the slip plane. Blue arrow: indefinite scope of σ_forward to extend into the nano-grains so far due to the lack of the experimental and theoretical evidences (b, c) dislocation pile-up in heterostructures^[24,53]

Fig.5 Dynamic dislocation evolution in response to plastic deformation in heterostructured interstitial-free steel^[33]
(a) initially entangled dislocations of high density at/inside both the hetero-boundary and interiors
(b) dis-entanglement of dislocations (c) newly-generated dislocations

Fig.6 Normalized strain hardening rate (Θ = $∂ σ ∂ ε$ ) by flow stress (σ_f) vs true strain (Dash horizontal line: the onset of diffuse necking according to the Considère criterion)

Fig.7 Strength-and-ductility balance in metallic materials (Two areas in blue and pink: ultra-high strength (> 1.5 GPa) alloys all with the nanostructure as the matrix; HEA: high-entropy alloy; S-P: single phase)

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