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Acta Metall Sin  2021, Vol. 57 Issue (7): 845-859    DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00378
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A Review of Recent Advance on Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomenon Based on Multiscale Mechanical Experiments
LAN Liangyun1,2(), KONG Xiangwei1,2, QIU Chunlin3, DU Linxiu3
1.School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
2.Key Laboratory of Vibration and Control of Aero-Propulsion System, Ministry of Education of China, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
3.State Key Laboratory of Rolling Technology and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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LAN Liangyun, KONG Xiangwei, QIU Chunlin, DU Linxiu. A Review of Recent Advance on Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomenon Based on Multiscale Mechanical Experiments. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57(7): 845-859.

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Abstract  

Hydrogen is widely considered to be one of the future clean energy sources. A large scale of production, storage, transportation, and the use of hydrogen-related energy is likely to be escalated in the next few decades. However, the presence of hydrogen seriously deteriorates the mechanical properties of most structural metals, which is a main threat to the hydrogen economy. Although hydrogen embrittlement has been recognized for more than a century, there is still a lack of effective measures to eliminate this embrittlement in the engineering practices and some aspects of fundamental science; the embrittlement mechanism is still poorly understood. Because hydrogen is the lightest element in the universe, it exhibits several unique characteristics like permeability, fast diffusion, and unstable distribution in different scale defects. These characteristics are seriously affected by external stress, temperature, and other environmental factors. Therefore, the drawback of hydrogen embrittlement is still an extremely complex and attractive scientific topic. In the last two decades, with the development of multi-scale mechanical experimental techniques, various new studies on hydrogen embrittlement have been reported and its mechanism is deeply evaluated. Based on these advances, this review reflects on the complexity and importance of this topic. The macro-mechanical tests such as constant load and slow strain rate tensile tests are presented and their advantage and disadvantage on screening the susceptibility of materials to hydrogen embrittlement are compared. Subsequently, the hydrogen-indentation (hardness) method is introduced at the mesoscale to show the hydrogen-induced cracking and its application. Furthermore, the main focus of this review comprises the modern experimental approaches to fine-scale evaluation of the hydrogen-dislocation interaction, with particular emphasis on the nanoindentation pop-in effect, micro-pillar compression and micro-cantilever bending tests, and environmental transmission electron microscope tests. The fundamental principles of these approaches are overviewed, and their contribution to the elucidation of the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism is discussed. For example, the different effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties and a mechanism similar to the hydrogen effect are proposed based on the micro-pillar compression and micro-cantilever bending tests. Nevertheless, there are still several discrepancies in the hydrogen-dislocation interaction that needs further investigation.
Key words:  hydrogen embrittlement      multiscale mechanical experiment      nanoindentation      dislocation      metal material     
Received:  21 September 2020     
ZTFLH:  TG111.8  
Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(51605084);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(N2103021)
About author:  LAN Liangyun, associate professor, Tel: (024)83674140, E-mail: lanly@me.neu.edu.cn
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Liangyun LAN
Xiangwei KONG
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Linxiu DU

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https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2020.00378     OR     https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/Y2021/V57/I7/845

Fig.1  Typical load-displacement curves of Fe-3%Si steel (mass fraction) in different hydrogen-charged conditions[74]
MaterialLoad conditionHydrogen freeHydrogen condition
Pop-in loadPop-inHydrogen concentrationPop-in loadPop-in
displacementdisplacement
316 stainless1000 μN total~200 μN4-6 nm*(1) 500 mA·cm-2 for 6 h650-700 μN12-20 nm*
steel[89]load(2) 10 mA·cm-2 for 6 h350 μN5-14 nm*
Austenitic5-500 mN total144.2 μN9.8 nm*1.4% (atomic fraction)72 μN11.6 nm*
stainless steel[91]load
Fe single1000 μN with433 μN53 nm*0.3 × 10-6~150 μN~7.5 nm and
crystal[92]100 μN/sand 320 μN*12 nm*
Ni single300 μN with~220 μN50 nm*-1000 mV cathodic~100 μN~12 nm for
crystal[94,95]50 μN/spotentialeach pop-in*
Cu single600 μN330 μN55 nm*-1000/-1150 mV~320 μN~50 nm*
crystal[95]cathodic potential
Fe-3%Si[20]1000/2250 μN*2000 μN43 nm*-1000 mV cathodic840 μN~20 nm*
potential
Pure Al[96,100]350 μN~280 μN100 nm-1250 mV cathodic~80 μN65 nm
potential
718 alloy[102]2500 μN with1250 μN17 nm-1200 mV cathodic940 μN6 nm
8000 μN/s(101) crystalpotential
plane
TWIP steel[104]2000 μN with550 μN38 nm*-2000 mV cathodic380 μN12 nm*
8000 μN/s(111) crystalpotential
plane
Table 1  The Pop-in effect of materials with/without hydrogen conditions based on nanoindentation analyses[20,89,91,92,94-96,100,102,104]
Fig.2  Schematics of interaction between atomic hydrogen and dislocation during micro-pillar compression (a) and cantilever bending (b) tests
Fig.3  Experimental results (a, b) and atomistic simulation (c) of dislocation morphology and required stress for dislocation mobility in pure Al with or without hydrogen environment[107]
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